1、Joints in Concrete ConstructionReported by ACI Committee 224ACI 224.3R-95 (Reapproved 2013)First PrintingAugust 1995Joints in Concrete ConstructionCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This material may not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part,
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10、documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronic subscription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Co
11、untry Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.org ISBN 978-087031-328-8American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledge1ACI 224.3R-95 became effective August 1, 1995.Copyright 1995, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including ri
12、ghts of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission i
13、nwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, and Commentariesare intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, andinspecting construction. This document is intended for the use ofindividuals who are competent to evaluate the significance andl
14、imitations of its content and recommendations and who willaccept responsibility for the application of the material itcontains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not beliable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Ref
15、erence to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by theArchitect/Engineer.This report reviews the state of the art
16、 in design, construction, and mainte-nance of joints in concrete structures subjected to a wide variety of use andenvironmental conditions. In some cases, the option of eliminating joints isconsidered. Aspects of various joint sealant materials and jointing tech-niques are discussed. The reader is r
17、eferred to ACI 504R for a morecomprehensive treatment of sealant materials, and to ACI 224R for a broaddiscussion of the causes and control of cracking in concrete construction.Chapters in the report focus on various types of structures and structuralelements with unique characteristics: buildings,
18、bridges, slabs-on-grade,tunnel linings, canal linings, precast concrete pipe, liquid-retaining structures,walls, and mass concrete.Keywords: bridges, buildings, canal linings, canals, concrete construc-tion, construction joints, contraction joints, design, environmental engi-neering concrete structu
19、res, isolation joints, joints, parking lots,pavements, runways, slabs-on-grade, tunnel linings, tunnels, walls.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction, p. 21.1Joints in concrete structures1.2Joint terminology1.3Movement in concrete structures1.4Objectives and scopeChapter 2Sealant materials and jointing techn
20、iques, p. 42.1Introduction2.2Required properties of joint sealants2.3Commercially available materials2.4Field-molded sealants2.5Accessory materials2.6Preformed sealants2.7Compression seals2.8Jointing practiceChapter 3Buildings, p. 73.1Introduction3.2Construction joints3.3Contraction joints3.4Isolati
21、on or expansion jointsChapter 4Bridges, p. 144.1Introduction4.2Construction joints4.3Bridges with expansion joints4.4Bridges without expansion jointsChapter 5Slabs-on-grade, p. 195.1Introduction5.2Contraction joints5.3Isolation or expansion joints5.4Construction joints5.5Special considerationsACI 22
22、4.3R-95 (Reapproved 2013)Joints in Concrete ConstructionReported by ACI Committee 224Peter Barlow Fouad H. Fouad*William Lee Andrew ScanlonFlorian G. Barth David W. Fowler Tony C. Liu*Ernest K. Schrader*Alfred G. Bishara*Peter Gergely Edward G. NawyWimal SuarisHoward L. Boggs Will Hansen Harry M. Pa
23、lmbaum Lewis H. Tuthill*Merle E. BranderM. Nadim Hassoun Keith A. Pashina*Zenon A. ZielinskiDavid Darwin*Principal author.Editorial subcommittee member.In addition to the above, committee associate member Michael J. Pfeiffer, consulting member LeRoy A. Lutz, past member Arnfinn Rusten, and nonmember
24、 Guy S. Puccio(Chairman, Committee 504) were principal authors; Committee 325 member Michael I. Darter was a contributing author.Grant T. Halvorsen*ChairmanRandall W. Poston*Secretary2 JOINTS IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (ACI 224.3R-95)American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgChap
25、ter 6Pavements, p. 236.1Introduction6.2Contraction joints6.3Isolation or expansion joints6.4Construction joints6.5Hinge or warping joints6.6Parking lotsChapter 7Tunnels, canal linings, and pipes, p. 297.1Introduction7.2Concrete tunnel linings7.3Concrete canal linings7.4Concrete pipeChapter 8Walls, p
26、. 318.1Introduction8.2Types of joints in concrete walls8.3Contraction joints8.4Isolation or expansion joints8.5Construction joints8.6SummaryChapter 9Liquid-retaining structures, p. 349.1Introduction9.2Contraction joints9.3Isolation or expansion joints9.4Construction jointsChapter 10Mass concrete, p.
27、 3510.1Introduction10.2Contraction joints10.3Construction jointsChapter 11References, p. 3611.1Recommended references11.2Cited referencesAppendix ATemperatures used for calculation of T, p. 38CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1Joints in concrete structuresJoints are necessary in concrete structures for a varie
28、ty ofreasons. Not all concrete in a given structure can be placedcontinuously, so there are construction joints that allow forwork to be resumed after a period of time. Since concreteundergoes volume changes, principally related to shrinkageand temperature changes, it can be desirable to provide joi
29、ntsand thus relieve tensile or compressive stresses that would beinduced in the structure. Alternately, the effect of volumechanges can be considered just as other load effects areconsidered in building design. Various concrete structuralelements are supported differently and independently, yetmeet
30、and match for functional and architectural reasons. Inthis case, compatibility of deformation is important, andjoints may be required to isolate various members.Many engineers view joints as artificial cracks, or asmeans to either avoid or control cracking in concrete structures.It is possible to cr
31、eate weakened planes in a structure, socracking occurs in a location where it may be of little impor-tance, or have little visual impact. For these reasons, ACICommittee 224Cracking, has developed this report as anoverview of the design, construction, and maintenance ofjoints in various types of con
32、crete structures, expanding on thecurrently limited treatment in ACI 224R. While other ACICommittees deal with specific types of structures, and joints inthose structures, this is the first ACI report to synthesize infor-mation on joint practices into a single document. Committee224 hopes that this
33、synthesis will promote continued re-eval-uation of recommendations for location and spacing of joints,and the development of further rational approaches.Diverse and sometimes conflicting guidelines are foundfor joint spacing. Table 1.1 reports various recommendationsfor contraction joints, and Table
34、 1.2 provides a sampling ofrequirements for expansion joints. It is hoped that, bybringing the information together in this Committee Report,recommendations for joint spacing may become morerational, and possibly more uniform.Aspects of construction and structural behavior areimportant when comparin
35、g the recommendations of Tables 1.1and 1.2. These recommendations may be contrary to usualpractice in some cases, but each could be correct for partic-ular circumstances. These circumstances include, but maynot be limited to: the type of concrete and placing conditions;characteristics of the structu
36、re; nature of restraint on anTable 1.1Contraction joint spacingsAuthor SpacingMerrill (1943)20 ft (6 m) for walls with frequent openings, 25 ft (7.5 m)in solid walls.Fintel (1974)15 to 20 ft (4.5 to 6 m) for walls and slabs on grade.Recommends joint placement at abrupt changes in planand at changes
37、in building height to account forpotential stress concentrations.Wood (1981) 20 to 30 ft (6 to 9 m) for wallsPCA (1982)20 to 25 ft (6 to 7.5 m) for walls depending on numberof openings.ACI 302.1R15 to 20 ft (4.5 to 6 m) recommended until 302.1R-89,then changed to 24 to 36 times slab thickness.ACI 35
38、0R-83 30 ft (9 m) in sanitary structures.ACI 350RJoint spacing varies with amount and grade ofshrinkage and temperature reinforcement.ACI 224R-92 One to three times the height of the wall in solid walls.Table 1.2Expansion joint spacingsAuthor SpacingLewerenz (1907) 75 ft (23 m) for walls.Hunter (195
39、3)80 ft (25 m) for walls and insulated roofs, 30 to 40 ft (9to 12 m) for uninsulated roofs.Billig (1960)100 ft (30 m) maximum building length without joints.Recommends joint placement at abrupt changes in planand at changes in building height to account for potentialstress concentrations.Wood (1981)
40、 100 to 120 ft (30 to 35 m) for walls.Indian Standards Institution (1964)45 m ( 148 ft) maximum building length betweenjoints.PCA (1982) 200 ft (60 m) maximum building length without joints.ACI 350R-83120 ft (36 m) in sanitary structures partially filled withliquid (closer spacings required when no
41、liquid pres-ent).JOINTS IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION (ACI 224.3R-95) 3American Concrete Institute Copyrighted Materialwww.concrete.orgindividual member; and the type and magnitude of environ-mental and service loads on the member.1.2Joint terminologyThe lack of consistent terminology for joints has caus
42、edproblems and misunderstandings that plague the construc-tion world. In 1979 the American Concrete Institute Tech-nical Activities Committee (TAC) adopted a consistentterminology on joints for use in reviewing ACI documents:Joints will be designated by a terminology based on thefollowing characteri
43、stics: resistance, configuration,formation, location, type of structure, and function.Characteristics in each category include, but are notlimited to the following:Resistance: Tied or reinforced, doweled, nondoweled,plain.Configuration: Butt, lap, tongue, and groove.Formation: Sawed, hand-formed, to
44、oled, grooved, insert-formed.Location: Transverse, longitudinal, vertical, horizontal.Type of Structure: Bridge, pavement, slab-on-gradebuilding.Function: Construction, contraction, expansion, isolation,hinge.Example: Tied, tongue and groove, hand-tooled, longitu-dinal pavement construction joint.Th
45、e familiar term, “control joint,” is not included in thislist of joint terminology, since it does not have a unique anduniversal meaning. Many people involved with constructionhave used the term to indicate a joint provided to “control”cracking due to volume change effects, especially shrinkage.Howe
46、ver, improperly detailed and constructed “control”joints may not function properly, and the concrete can crackadjacent to the presumed joint. In many cases a “control joint”is really nothing more than rustication. These joints are reallytrying to control cracking due to shrinkage and thermalcontract
47、ion. A properly detailed contraction joint is needed.An additional problem with joint nomenclature concerns“isolation” and “expansion” joints. An isolation jointisolates the movement between members. That is, there is nosteel or dowels crossing the joint. An expansion joint, bycomparison, is usually
48、 doweled such that movement can beaccommodated in one direction, but there is shear transfer inthe other directions. Many people describe structural jointswithout any restraint as expansion joints.1.3Movement and restraint in concrete structuresRestrained movement is a major cause of cracking inconc
49、rete structures. Internal or external restraint can developtensile stresses in a concrete member, and the tensile strengthor strain capacity can be exceeded. Restrained movement ofconcrete structures includes the effects of settlement:compatibility of deflections and rotations where membersmeet, and volume changes.Volume changes typically result from shrinkage ashardened concrete dries, and from expansion or contractiondue to temperature changes.A detailed discussion of volume change mechanisms isbeyond the scop
