1、ACI 350.2R-04 supersedes ACI 350.2R-97 and became effective June 28, 2004.Copyright 2004, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, pr
2、inted, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduc-tion or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission inwriting is obtained from the copyright proprietors.ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, andCommentaries are intended for guidance in pl
3、anning,designing, executing, and inspecting construction. Thisdocument is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptresponsibility for the application of the material it contains.The American
4、 Concrete Institute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a
5、 part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.350.2R-1It is the responsibility of the user of this document toestablish health and safety practices appropriate to the specificcircumstances involved with its use. ACI does not m
6、ake anyrepresentations with regard to health and safety issues and theuse of this document. The user must determine theapplicability of all regulatory limitations before applying thedocument and must comply with all applicable laws andregulations, including but not limited to, United StatesOccupatio
7、nal Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)health and safety standards.Concrete Structures for Containmentof Hazardous MaterialsReported by ACI Committee 350ACI 350.2R-04This report presents recommendations for structural design, materials, andconstruction of structures commonly used for hazardous m
8、aterials contain-ment, including reinforced concrete tanks, sumps, and other structures thatrequire dense, impermeable concrete with high resistance to chemical attack.The report discusses and describes design and spacing of joints, propor-tioning of concrete, placement, curing, and protection again
9、st chemicals.Information on liners, secondary containment systems, and leak-detectionsystems is also included.Keywords: construction joint; joint; joint sealant; precast concrete; pre-stress; water-cementitious material ratio; waterstop.CONTENTSChapter 1General, p. 350.2R-21.1Scope1.2Definitions1.3T
10、ypes of materials*Members of ACI 350 Hazardous Materials Subcommittee who prepared this report. Lawrence Valentine served as Chair andSteven R. Close served as Secretary and then took over as chair during the final processing of this revision.Deceased.James P. Archibald*William J. Irwin Andrew R. Ph
11、ilipJon B. Ardahl Keith W. Jacobson*Narayan M. PrachandJohn W. Baker*Dov Kaminetzky Satish K. SachdevWalter N. Bennett Reza M. Kianoush William C. SchnobrichSteven R. Close*David G. Kittridge John F. SeidenstickerAnthony L. Felder Dennis C. Kohl*William C. ShermanCarl A. Gentry Nicholas A. Legatos L
12、awrence J. Valentine*Clifford GordonLawrence G. Mrazek Miroslav F. VejvodaPaul Hedli Javeed A. Munshi Paul Zoltanetzky, Jr.Jerry A. Holland Jerry ParnesCharles S. HanskatChairLawrence M. TabatSecretaryJohn A. Aube Ashok K. Dhingra Clifford T. Early, Jr.*William H. Backous Robert E. Doyle William J.
13、HendricksonPatrick J. Creegan Donald L. Dube David A. KleveteDavid A. CrockerConsulting and associate members who contributed to this report:350.2R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 2Concrete design and proportioning,p. 350.2R-32.1General2.2Design2.3Concrete cover2.4Exposure2.5Concrete mixture proportio
14、ns2.6Fiber-reinforced concreteChapter 3Waterstops, sealants, and joints,p. 350.2R-63.1Waterstops3.2Joint sealants3.3JointsChapter 4Construction considerations,p. 350.2R-84.1Sump construction techniques4.2Curing and protection4.3InspectionChapter 5Liners and coatings, p. 350.2R-115.1Liners5.2Coatings
15、5.3Selection considerations for liners and coatings5.4Inspection and testing of liner and coating installationsChapter 6Secondary containment, p. 350.2R-146.1General6.2Secondary containment system features6.3Secondary containment materialsChapter 7Leak-detection systems, p. 350.2R-147.1General7.2Dra
16、inage media materials7.3Design and installation of drainage mediaChapter 8References, p. 350.2R-168.1Referenced standards and reports8.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1GENERAL1.1ScopeThis report is intended for use in the structural design andconstruction of hazardous material containment systems.Hazardous
17、 material containment structures require secondarycontainment and, sometimes, leak-detection systems.Because of the economic and environmental impact of evensmall amounts of leakage of hazardous materials, bothprimary and secondary containment systems should be virtuallyleak free. Therefore, when pr
18、imary or secondary containmentsystems involve concrete, special design and constructiontechniques are required. This report supplements andenhances the requirements of ACI 350, which is intended forstructures commonly used in water containment, industrialand domestic water, and wastewater treatment
19、works. ACI350, however, does not give specific guidance on the designof the double containment systems, leak-detection systems,or the additional recommendations for enhancing liquid-tightness covered in this report. This report does not apply toprimary or secondary containment of cryogenic liquids,n
20、onliquid materials, or to systems containing radioactivematerials.The use of information in this report does not ensurecompliance with applicable regulations. The recommendationsin this report were based on the best technical knowledgeavailable at the time they were written; however, they maybe supp
21、lemented or superseded by applicable local, state,and national regulations. Therefore, it is important toresearch such regulations (see Section 8.1) thoroughly.Guidelines for containment and leakage-detection systemsgiven in this report involve combinations of materials thatmay not be readily availa
22、ble in all areas. Therefore, localdistributors and contractors should be contacted during thedesign process to ensure that materials are available.Proper and thorough inspection of construction is essentialto ensure a quality final product. The written program forinspection should be detailed and co
23、mprehensive, andshould be clearly understood by all parties involved. SeeSection 4.3 for an inspection checklist. (See ACI 311.4R forguidance in inspection programs.) A preconstruction confer-ence to discuss the program in detail is recommended.Personnel should be qualified, experienced, and certifi
24、ed asapplicable to their specialty.1.2DefinitionsThe definitions in Sections 1.2.1 through 1.2.11 have beencorrelated with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)regulations.1.2.1 Hazardous materialA hazardous material isdefined as having one or mo
25、re of the following characteristics:ignitable (NFPA 49), corrosive, reactive, or toxic.NOTE: EPA-listed wastes are organized into three categoriesunder RCRA: source-specific wastes, generic wastes, andcommercial chemical products. Source specific wastesinclude sludges and wastewaters from treatment
26、and productionprocesses in specific industries such as petroleum refiningand wood preserving. The list of generic wastes includeswastes from common manufacturing and industrialprocesses such as solvents used in degreasing operations.The third list contains specific chemical products such asbenzene,
27、creosote, mercury, and various pesticides.1.2.2 TankA tank is a stationary containment structurewith self-supporting, watertight walls constructed ofnonearthen material.1.2.3 Environmental tankAn environmental tank is atank used to collect, store, or treat hazardous material. Anenvironmental tank us
28、ually provides either primary orsecondary containment of a hazardous material.1.2.4 Tank systemA tank system includes its primaryand secondary containment systems, leak-detection system,and the ancillary equipment.1.2.5 Ancillary equipmentAncillary equipment includespiping, fittings, valves, and pum
29、ps.1.2.6 SumpA sump can be any structural reservoir,usually below grade, designed for collection of runoff oraccidental spillage of hazardous material. It often includesCONCRETE STRUCTURES FOR CONTAINMENT OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 350.2R-3troughs, trenches, and piping connected to the sump to helpcolle
30、ct and transport runoff liquids. Regulations may notdistinguish between a sump and an underground tank.1.2.7 Primary containment systemA primary containmentsystem is the first containment system in contact with thehazardous material.1.2.8 Secondary containment systemA secondarycontainment system is
31、a backup system for containment ofhazardous materials in case the primary system leaks or failsfor any reason.1.2.9 Spill or system failureA spill or system failure isany uncontrolled release of hazardous material from theprimary containment system into the environment or into thesecondary containme
32、nt system. It may also be from thesecondary containment system into the environment.1.2.10 Spill- or leak-detection systemA spill- or leak-detection system detects, monitors, and signals a spill orleakage from the primary containment system.1.2.11 Membrane slabA membrane slab is a slab-on-ground des
33、igned to be liquid-tight and transmit loads directlyto the subgrade.1.3Types of materialsThis report provides guidance for the design and constructionof environmental tanks and sumps of reinforced concreteconstruction. Tanks may be constructed of prestressed ornonprestressed reinforced concrete, or
34、steel or other materialswith concrete foundations, concrete secondary containmentsystems, or both. Reinforced concrete is the most widelyused material for sumps, particularly below grade.Liners for environmental tanks and sumps are made of stain-less or coated steel, fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP),
35、 variouscombinations of esters, epoxy resins, or thermoplastics.This report outlines and discusses options for constructionmaterials and provides recommendations for use, whereapplicable.CHAPTER 2CONCRETE DESIGN AND PROPORTIONING2.1GeneralConcrete is particularly suitable for above- and below-grade
36、environmental primary and secondary containmentsystems. When properly designed and constructed, concretecontainment systems are impermeable and highly resistant tofailure during fires. See ACI 216R, CRSI (1980), and Zwiersand Morgan (1989) for information on exposure of concreteto elevated temperatu
37、res.Concrete is a general-purpose material that is easy to workwith and is resistant to a wide range of chemicals. It is used inconstruction of both primary and secondary containmentsystems. The addition of pozzolans, latex, and polymer modi-fiers can increase concretes resistance to chemical attack
38、.Measures that should be considered to help preventcracking or to control the number and width of cracksinclude: prestressing, details that reduce or prevent restraintof movements due to shrinkage and temperature changes,higher than normal amounts of nonprestressed reinforcement,closer spacing of re
39、inforcement, shrinkage-compensatingconcrete, concrete mixtures proportioned to reduceshrinkage, and fiber reinforcement. Additionally, someconstruction techniques, such as casting floors and wallsmonolithically (Chapter 4), help prevent or reduce crackingby eliminating the restraint of shrinkage and
40、 temperaturemovements of the subsequently placed concrete along thejoint with the previously placed concrete. See ACI 224R andACI 224.3R for additional information on mitigation ofcracking in concrete structures.2.2Design2.2.1 Design considerationsThe walls, base slabs, andother elements of containm
41、ent systems should be designedfor pressure due to contained material, lateral earth pressure,buoyancy, wind, seismic, and other superimposed loads.ACI 350 provides requirements for the design of bothprestressed and nonprestressed tanks and other environ-mental structures. See ASTM C 913 for addition
42、al designprovisions relating to factory-precast sumps.ACI 372R, AWWA D110, ACI 373R, and AWWA D115provide additional guidance for the design of prestressedconcrete liquid-containment structures. See ACI 223 for infor-mation and guidance on shrinkage-compensating concrete.Roofs should be designed for
43、 dead loads, including anysuperimposed dead loads (insulation, membranes, mechanicalequipment, and earth load, if buried) and live loads (snow,pedestrians, and wheel loads, if applicable).A minimum slope of 2% should be included in the designof floors and trench bottoms to prevent ponding and helpdr
44、ainage. Secondary containment systems for flammableand combustible liquids should have a slope that is in accor-dance with NFPA 30, “Flammable and Combustible LiquidsCode,” or an applicable fire code.2.2.2 Wall thickness and reinforcementThe minimumwall thickness and reinforcing steel location in wa
45、lls shouldcomply with Table 2.1.2.2.3 FootingsFootings should be cast on top of, ormonolithically with, the floor slab to enhance liquid tightness.Table 2.1Wall thickness and reinforcement locations based on concrete placement considerationDescription Wall heightMinimumthicknessReinforcement locatio
46、nCast-in-place concreteOver 10 ft(3000 mm)12 in. (300 mm) Both faces4 to 10 ft(1200 to 3000 mm)10 in. (250 mm) Both facesLess than 4 ft(1200 mm)6 in. (150 mm) Center of wallPrecastconcrete4 ft (1200 mm)or more8 in. (200 mm) Center of wallLess than 4 ft(1200 mm)4 in. (100 mm) Center of wallDescriptio
47、n Minimum wall thicknessTendon prestressed concrete tanks See ACI 350Wrapped prestressed concrete tanks See ACI 350Note: Placement windows (temporary openings in the forms) or tremies are recom-mended to facilitate concrete placement in cast-in-place walls greater than 6 ft(1800 mm) in height.350.2R
48、-4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTUpturned footings help reduce restraint of shrinkage and itsassociated cracking.2.2.4 Slabs-on-ground2.2.4.1 Membrane slabsACI 350 provides requirementsfor the minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcementand, if post-tensioned, the residual prestressing requirementsfor memb
49、rane floor slabs. Prestressed membrane slabsshould have a minimum thickness of 5 in. (125 mm).Nonprestressed membrane slabs should have a minimumthickness of 6 in. (150 mm). To enhance liquid-tightness,membrane slabs should be placed without constructionjoints. A membrane slab can be reinforced with prestressedand nonprestressed reinforcement in the same layer in eachdirection, or with nonprestressed reinforcement only, at ornear the center of the slab. If prestressed, they should have aminimum of 200 psi (1.4 MPa) residual compres
