1、ACI 440R-07Reported by ACI Committee 440Report on Fiber-ReinforcedPolymer (FRP) Reinforcementfor Concrete StructuresReport on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcementfor Concrete StructuresFirst PrintingSeptember 2007ISBN 978-0-87031-259-5American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCo
2、pyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written consent of ACI.The technical committees res
3、ponsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities,omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionallyfind information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may beincomplete or incorre
4、ct. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents arerequested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata atwww.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee documents are intended for the use of indivi
5、duals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for theapplication of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk andaccept total responsibility for the application
6、 and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied,including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose ornon-infringement.ACI and its members disclaim liabi
7、lity for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental,or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may resultfrom the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish health and safety pract
8、ices appropriate tothe specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard tohealth and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of allregulatory limitations before applying the document and must comply with all
9、 applicable laws and regulations,including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) healthand safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubscription, or reprint and may be obtained
10、 by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 440R-07 supersedes
11、 ACI 440R-96 and was adopted and published September 2007.Copyright 2007, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, written,
12、or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.440R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, andCommentaries are intended for guidance in planning,desig
13、ning, executing, and inspecting construction. Thisdocument is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptresponsibility for the application of the material it contains.The American Concrete In
14、stitute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the
15、 contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Report on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)Reinforcement for Concrete StructuresReported by ACI Committee 440ACI 440R-07Applications of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as reinforcementf
16、or concrete structures have been growing rapidly in recent years. ACICommittee 440 has published design guidelines for internal FRP reinforce-ment, externally bonded FRP reinforcement for strengthening, prestressedFRP reinforcement, and test methods for FRP products. Although theseguidelines exist,
17、new products and applications continue to be developed.Thus, this report summarizes the current state of knowledge on these materialsand their application to concrete and masonry structures. The purpose ofthis report is to act as an introduction to FRP materials in areas where ACIguides exist, and t
18、o provide information on the properties and behavior ofconcrete structures containing FRP in areas where guides are not currentlyavailable. If an ACI guide is available, the guide document supersedes infor-mation in this report, and the guide should always be followed for designand application purpo
19、ses. ACI Committee 440 is also in the process ofdeveloping new guides and thus the current availability of guides should bechecked by the reader. In addition to the material properties of the constituentmaterials (that is, resins and fibers) and products, current knowledge ofFRP applications, such a
20、s internal reinforcement including prestressing,external strengthening of concrete and masonry structures, and structuralsystems, is discussed in detail. The document also addresses durabilityissues and the effects of extreme events, such as fire and blast. A summaryof some examples of field applica
21、tions is presented.Keywords: aramid fibers; blast; bridges; buildings; carbon fibers;composite materials; corrosion; design; dowels; ductility; durability;external reinforcement; fatigue; fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP); fibers;fire; glass fiber; masonry; mechanical properties; polymer resin;prestres
22、sed concrete; seismic; stay-in-place forms; structural systems; testmethods.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 440R-21.1Introduction1.2Historical perspective of FRP compositesTarek Alkhrdaji Russell Gentry James G. Korff Hayder A. RasheedCharles E. Bakis Janos Gergely Michael W. Lee Sami H.
23、 RizkallaP. N. Balaguru William J. Gold Ibrahim M. Mahfouz Morris SchupackLawrence C. Bank Nabil F. Grace Orange S. Marshall Rajan SenAbdeldjelil Belarbi Mark F. Green*Amir Mirmiran Khaled A. SoudkiBrahim Benmokrane Zareh B. Gregorian Ayman S. Mosallam Samuel A. Steere IIIGregg J. Blaszak Doug D. Gr
24、emel John J. Myers Gamil S. TadrosTimothy E. Bradberry H. R. Trey Hamilton III Antonio Nanni Jay ThomasGordon L. Brown, Jr. Isaam E. Harik Kenneth Neale Houssam A. Toutanji*Vicki L. Brown Kent A. Harries John P. Newhook J. Gustavo TumialanRaafat El-Hacha Mark P. Henderson Max L. Porter Milan Vatovec
25、Garth J. Fallis Bohdan N. Horeczko Mark A. Postma Stephanie L. WalkupAmir Z. Fam Vistasp M. Karbhari Andrea Prota David WhiteEdward R. Fyfe*Subcommitte co-chairs responsible for preparing the report.Several voting members of the committee contributed chapters or made other substantial contributions
26、to the report. In addition, the committee would like to acknowledgethe contribution of associate members T. Ivan Campbell and Luke A. Bisby.John P. BuselChairCarol K. ShieldSecretary440R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 440R-42.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Codes and sta
27、ndards, p. 440R-83.1Materials3.2Internal FRP reinforcement3.3External FRP reinforcementChapter 4Composite materials and processes, p. 440R-114.1Introduction4.2Polymer matrix: resins4.3Reinforcing fibers4.4Types of reinforcement4.5Additives and fillers4.6Core materials for sandwich structures4.7Adhes
28、ives4.8FRP manufacturing processesChapter 5Properties, test methods,and nondestructive evaluation, p. 440R-185.1Introduction5.2Typical properties of currently available products5.3Test methods for mechanical properties5.4Durability testing methods5.5Nondestructive inspection techniques for FRP mater
29、ialsChapter 6Performance of concrete members with internal FRP reinforcement, p. 440R-246.1Strength6.2Serviceability6.3Bond and development of reinforcement6.4Fatigue performance6.5Members reinforced with FRP grating systems6.6Members reinforced with FRP grids6.7Pavement applicationsChapter 7Prestre
30、ssed concrete members,p. 440R-307.1FRP tendons7.2Anchorages7.3Flexural behavior7.4Fatigue behavior7.5Time-dependent behavior7.6Ductility and deformability7.7Transfer and development length7.8Shear behavior7.9External tendons7.10Prestressed polesChapter 8Repair, strengthening, and retrofitting, p. 44
31、0R-358.1Flexural strengthening with non-prestressed FRP8.2Flexural strengthening with prestressed FRP8.3Shear strengthening8.4Axial strengthening of columns8.5Seismic strengthening and retrofitting8.6Mechanically fastened fiber-reinforced polymer(MF-FRP) laminates8.7Strengthening using near-surface-
32、mounted FRPreinforcement8.8Design proceduresChapter 9Structurally integrated stay-in-place FRP forms, pp. 440R-439.1Introduction9.2Advantages and limitations of system9.3Structural composition of FRP forms9.4Fabrication processes of FRP structural forms9.5Concrete component9.6Construction considerat
33、ions9.7Behavior of axial members9.8Behavior of flexural and axial/flexural membersChapter 10Masonry applications, p. 440R-5110.1Introduction10.2FRP strengthening techniques10.3FRP repair and strengthening of masonry10.4Design and application considerationsChapter 11Durability of FRP used in concrete
34、,p. 440R-5611.1Definition of durability11.2Durability of FRP composites11.3Internal reinforcement11.4External reinforcement11.5Structurally integrated stay-in-place (SIP) formsChapter 12Fire and blast effects, p. 440R-6312.1Introduction12.2Fire12.3Blast effectsChapter 13Field applications, p. 440R-6
35、813.1FRP as internal reinforcement13.2Prestressing applications13.3External reinforcement13.4Masonry applications13.5Stay-in-place FRP formsChapter 14Research needs, p. 440R-7614.1Introduction14.2Key research needs14.3ConclusionsChapter 15References, p. 440R-7815.1Referenced standards and reports15.
36、2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe purpose of this report is to present the current state ofknowledge with regard to applications of fiber-reinforcedpolymer (FRP) materials in concrete. This report summarizesthe fundamental behavior, the most current research, designc
37、odes, and practical applications of concrete and masonrystructures containing FRP. This document is intended tocomplement other reports (for example, standards anddesign guidelines) produced by ACI Committee 440, eitherFIBER-REINFORCED POLYMER REINFORCEMENT FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES 440R-3by summarizi
38、ng the research that supports those documentsor by providing information on future developments of thosedocuments. If an ACI guide is available, the guide documentsupersedes information in this report, and the guide shouldalways be followed for design and application purposes. ACICommittee 440 is al
39、so in the process of developing newguides; thus, the current availability of guides should bechecked by the reader.FRP materials are composite materials that typicallyconsist of strong fibers embedded in a resin matrix. Thefibers provide strength and stiffness to the composite andgenerally carry mos
40、t of the applied loads. The matrix acts tobond and protect the fibers and to provide for transfer ofstress from fiber to fiber through shear stresses. The mostcommon fibers are glass, carbon, and aramid. Matrixes aretypically epoxies, polyesters, vinylesters, or phenolics.1.2Historical perspective o
41、f FRP compositesWhile the concept of composites has been in existence forseveral millennia (for example, bricks made from mud andstraw), the incorporation of FRP composite technology intothe industrial world is less than a century old. The age ofplastics emerged just after 1900, with chemists and in
42、dus-trialists taking bold steps to have plastics (vinyl, polystyrene,and Plexiglas) mimic and outdo natural materials. Spurredon by the needs of electronics, defense, and eventually spacetechnologies, researchers created materials with propertiesthat seemed to defy known principles, such as bullet-s
43、toppingKevlar. The first known FRP product was a boat hullmanufactured in the mid-1930s as part of a manufacturingexperiment using a fiberglass fabric and polyester resin laidin a foam mold (ACMA MDA 2006). From this modestbeginning, FRP composite applications have revolutionizedentire industries, i
44、ncluding aerospace, marine, electrical,corrosion resistance, and transportation.FRP composite materials date back to the early 1940s inthe defense industry, particularly for use in aerospace andnaval applications. The U.S. Air Force and Navy capitalizedon FRP composites high strength-weight ratio an
45、d inherentresistance to the corrosive effects of weather, salt air, and thesea. Soon the benefits of FRP composites, especially itscorrosion resistance capabilities, were communicated to thepublic sector. Fiberglass pipe, for instance, was first introducedin 1948 (ACMA MDA 2006) for what has become
46、one of itswidest use areas within the corrosion market, the oilindustry. FRP composites proved to be a worthy alternativeto other traditional materials even in the high-pressure,large-diameter situations of chemical processing. Besidessuperior corrosion resistance, FRP pipe offered both durabilityan
47、d strength, thus eliminating the need for interior linings,exterior coatings, and cathodic protection. Since the early1950s, FRP composites have been used extensively forequipment in the chemical processing, pulp and paper,power, waste treatment, metal refining, and other manu-facturing industries (
48、ACMA MDA 2006). Myriads of productsand FRP installations help build a baseline of provenperformance in the field.The decades after the 1940s brought new, and oftenrevolutionary, applications for FRP composites (ACMAMDA 2006). The same technology that produced the reinforcedplastic hoops required for
49、 the Manhattan nuclear project inWorld War II spawned the development of high-performancecomposite materials for solid rocket motor cases and tanks inthe 1960s and 1970s. In fact, fiberglass wall tanks were usedon the Skylab orbiting laboratory to provide oxygen for theastronauts. In 1953, the first Chevrolet Corvette with fiber-glass body panels rolled off the assembly line (ACMA MDA2006). Now, high-performance race cars are the provingground for technology transfer to passenger vehicles. In the19
