1、ACI 544.3R-08Reported by ACI Committee 544Guide for Specifying,Proportioning, and Productionof Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteGuide for Specifying, Proportioning, and Productionof Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteFirst PrintingNovember 2008ISBN 978-0-87031-311-0American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowle
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10、ained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 544.3R-08 sup
11、ersedes ACI 544.3R-93 and was adopted and publishedNovember 2008.Copyright 2008, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic ormechanical device, printed, wr
12、itten, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.544.3R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, StandardPractices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance
13、 inplanning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction.This document is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptresponsibility for the application of the material it contains.The Am
14、erican Concrete Institute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer t
15、o be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Guide for Specifying, Proportioning,and Production of Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 544ACI 544.3R-08This guide covers specifying, proportioning, mixing,
16、placing, and finishingof fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). Much of the current conventionalconcrete practice applies to FRC. The emphasis in the guide is to describethe differences between conventional concrete and FRC and how to dealwith them. Sample mixture proportions are tabulated. Guidance is pr
17、ovidedin the mixing techniques to achieve uniform mixtures, placement techniquesto assure adequate consolidation, and finishing techniques to assure satis-factory surface textures. A listing of references is provided coveringproportioning, properties, applications, shotcrete technology, and generali
18、nformation on FRC.Keywords: fiber; fiber-reinforced concrete; production; proportioning;specification.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 544.3R-21.1Introduction1.2Scope1.3Typical uses of FRC1.4Specifying FRCAshraf I. Ahmed Graham T. Gilbert Pritpal S. Mangat Venkataswamy RamakrishnanCorina-
19、Maria Aldea Vellore S. Gopalaratnam Peter C. Martinez Roy H. ReitermanMadasamy Arockiasamy Antonio J. Guerra Bruno Massicotte*Klaus Alexander Rieder*P. N. Balaguru Rishi Gupta James R. McConaghy Pierre RossiJoaquim Oliveira Barros*Carol D. Hays*Christian Meyer Surendra P. ShahGordon B. Baston George
20、 C. Hoff Nicholas C. Mitchell, Jr.*Konstantin SobolevVivek S. Bindiganavile Allen J. Hulshizer Barzin Mobasher Jim D. Speakman, Sr.*Peter H. Bischoff* Akm Anwarul Islam Henry J. Molloy*Chris D. SzychowskiMarvin E. Criswell John Jones*Dudley R. Morgan*Pater C. TatnallJames I. Daniel Jubum Kim Antoine
21、 E. Naaman Houssam A. ToutanjiXavier Destre*Katherine G. Kuder Antonio Nanni Jean-Franois Trottier*Ashish Dubey*David A. Lange Nandakumar Natarajan George J. VentaPhilip J. Dyer John S. Lawler Jeffery Novak Gary L. VondranGregor D. Fischer Mark A. Leppert Mark E. Patton Robert WojtysiakDean P. Forge
22、ron*Maria Lopez de Murphy Max L. Porter Robert C. ZellersSidney Freeman Clifford N. MacDonald*John H. Pye Ronald F. Zollo*Richard J. Frost*Members of subcommittee who drafted this report.Chair of subcommittee who drafted this report.Nemkumar BanthiaChairNeven Krstulovic-OparaSecretaryMelvyn A. Galin
23、at*Membership Secretary544.3R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 544.3R-42.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3Materials, p. 544.3R-43.1General3.2Fibers3.3Admixtures3.4Storage of fibersChapter 4Mixture proportioning, p. 544.3R-54.1General4.2Slump4.3Proportioning methodsChapter 5
24、Formwork and conventional reinforcement, p. 544.3R-65.1Formwork5.2Conventional reinforcementChapter 6Batching, mixing, delivery, and sampling, p. 544.3R-66.1General6.2Mixing6.3Causes of fiber balling6.4Delivery6.5Sampling6.6Production quality assurance and quality controlChapter 7Placing and finishi
25、ng, p. 544.3R-87.1General7.2Placing7.3Transporting and handling equipment7.4Finishing7.5Hot and cold weather requirements7.6Repair of defects7.7Contraction jointsChapter 8Curing and protection, p. 544.3R-108.1GeneralChapter 9References, p. 544.3R-119.1Referenced standards and reports9.2Cited referen
26、cesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionFiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) is a composite materialmade of hydraulic cements, water, fine and coarse aggregate,and a dispersion of discontinuous fibers. In general, fiberlength varies from 0.25 to 2.5 in. (6 to 64 mm). FRC mayalso contain suppleme
27、ntary cementitious materials andadmixtures commonly used with conventional concrete.The most common steel fiber diameters are in the range of0.02 to 0.04 in. (0.5 to 1.0 mm) and a specific gravity of 7.85.Steel fiber shapes include round, oval, polygonal, and crescentcross sections, depending on the
28、 manufacturing process andraw material used.Two general sizes of synthetic fibers have emerged:microsynthetic and macrosynthetic fibers. Microsynthetic fibersare defined as fibers with diameters or equivalent diameters lessthan 0.012 in. (0.3 mm), and macrosynthetic fibers havediameters or equivalen
29、t diameters greater than 0.012 in.(0.3 mm). Polypropylene fibers can be either microsynthetic ormacrosynthetic, and have a specific gravity of 0.91. Nylonfibers, generally microfibers, have a specific gravity of 1.14.Microsynthetic fibers are typically used in the range of 0.05to 0.2% by volume, whi
30、le steel fibers and macrosyntheticfibers are used in the range of 0.2 to 1% by volume, and some-times higher in certain applications. For example, 2% byvolume and higher of steel fibers is common for securityapplications such as vaults and safes. These dosages equate to0.75 to 3 lb/yd3(0.44 to 1.8 k
31、g/m3) for microsynthetic fibers,3 to 15 lb/yd3(1.8 to 9 kg/m3) for macrosynthetic fibers, and26 to 132 lb/yd3(15 to 78 kg/m3) for steel fibers.Glass fibers for use in concrete should be alkali-resistant(AR) glass to prevent loss of strength due to the high alkalinityof the cement-based matrix. Glass
32、 fibers need to contain aminimum of 16% by mass of zirconium dioxide (zirconia) tobe considered as alkali resistant. AR glass fiber monofilamentsare either 0.0005 or 0.0007 in. (13 or 18 m) in diameter,with specific gravity of 2.7.AR glass fiber chopped strands can be provided in twobasic types: dis
33、persible fibers and internal strands. Dispersiblefibers quickly disperse into individual monofilaments whenmixed into the concrete. These fibers are considered to bemicrofibers. The addition rate for this type of AR glass fiberis typically 0.5 to 1.5 lb/yd3 (0.29 to 0.88 kg/m3). This corre-sponds to
34、 a range from 0.01 to 0.03% by volume. This typeof glass fiber is used mostly for plastic shrinkage crack control.Integral strands are bundles of monofilaments that stay integralas bundles through mixing and into the cured concrete. Integralstrands are available in bundles of 50, 100, and 200 monofi
35、la-ments. These strands are considered as macrofibers, and can beadded at higher fiber contents, typically 4 to 8 lb/yd3(2.35to 4.7 kg/m3) corresponding to 0.09 to 0.17% by volume.Addition rates of up to 25 lb/yd3 (14.7 kg/m3) or 0.55% byvolume have also been used with higher cement contents.Natural
36、 fibers and synthetic fibers, such as carbon, acrylic,and aramid fibers, have been used in specialized FRC and arenot discussed in this guide. The use of glass fibers in thespray-up process is also not discussed in this guide. Informationon these fiber types may be found in ACI 544.1R.The addition o
37、f fibers affects the plastic and hardenedproperties of mortar and concrete. Depending on the fibermaterial, length and diameter, deformation geometry, andthe addition rate, many properties are improved, notablyplastic shrinkage cracking, impact resistance, and toughnessor ductility. Flexural strengt
38、h, fatigue and shear strength, andthe ability to resist cracking and spalling can also beenhanced by providing the composite material with somepostcracking (residual) strength in either the plastic or hardenedstate. More detailed information on properties may be foundin ACI 544.1R and 544.2R.1.2Scop
39、eThis guide covers specifying, proportioning, mixing,placing, and finishing of conventional FRC. The fiber typesSPECIFYING, PROPORTIONING, AND PRODUCTION OF FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE 544.3R-3included in this guide are steel, glass, and synthetic. Notincluded are FRC produced using the shotcrete meth
40、od, byextrusion, by slurry infiltration, by roller compaction, or byspray-up process.1.3Typical uses of FRCWhen used in structural applications, fiber reinforcementis generally only used in a supplementary role to distributecracking, to improve resistance to impact or dynamicloading, and to resist m
41、aterial disintegration. Under certainconditions stated in Section 11.4.6.1(f) of ACI 318-08, theuse of steel fiber-reinforced concrete to resist shear forceswithout conventional shear reinforcing steel is permitted. Instructural members where flexural tensile or axial tensilestresses will occur, suc
42、h as in beams, columns, andsuspended slabs, continuous conventional reinforcing steelis typically designed to resist the tensile forces. With adosage rate of 76 to 84 lb/yd3(45 to 50 kg/m3), however,more than 75 million ft2(7 million m2) of suspended groundfloor slabs without conventional reinforcin
43、g steel with span-depth ratios up to 20 that are reinforced with steel fibers havebeen successfully completed since 1990 in Europe, the U.S.,and Canada (Destre 2006).In applications where the presence of continuous conven-tional reinforcement is not essential to resist tensile stresses,for example,
44、pavements, overlays, some precast products,and shotcrete liningsthe improvement in flexural toughnessassociated with the fibers can be used to reduce sectionthickness, improve performance, or both. The following aresome examples of structural and nonstructural uses of FRC:Airport and highway paving
45、and overlaysBoth full-depth pavements and overlays on concrete and asphaltbases (white topping) (Johnston 1984; Loper and Henry2003; Task Force 36 2001; Cole 1999);FlooringResidential, commercial, and heavy industrialslabs-on-ground (Gervickas 2000; Suprenant andMalisch 1999; Roesler et al. 2004, 20
46、06; ACI 360R);Bridge decksFor repairs, overlay resurfacing and“steel free” bridge decks where loads are resistedthrough an internal compressive arch in the slab andexternal tension tie (Melamed 1985; Newhook and Mufti1996; Banthia and Bindiganavile 2001; Banthia et al.2004, 2006; Banthia and Gupta 2
47、006; Naaman andChandrangsu 2004);Shotcrete liningsUnderground support in mines andtunnels, slope stabilization and ground coverings, andstructural repairs (Morgan and Heere 2000; Morgan andMcAskill 1984; Tatnall and Brooks 2000; ACI 506.1R);Precast productsSegmental tunnel liners, vaults, safes,dolo
48、sse, equipment vaults, utility boxes, and septic tanks(Court 2003; Novak and Greenhalgh 2007); andExplosive spalling and seismic-resistant structuresSeismic upgrade applications and resistance to explosivespalling from fire (Henager 1983; Forrest et al. 1995;Tatnall 2002).1.4Specifying FRC1.4.1 Gene
49、ralFRC is often specified by strength, eithercompressive or flexural, and fiber type (material) andcontent (dosage or percent by volume). This prescriptivemethod is appropriate for many applications, such as lowerdosages of microsynthetic fibers for control of plasticshrinkage cracking, or where testing for fiber performance isnot practical. For a performance specification, the compressiveor flexural strength and flexural performance parametersshould be specified. Flexural parameters include post-cracking residual strength and tough
