1、ACI 544.5R-10Reported by ACI Committee 544Report on the Physical Properties andDurability of Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteReport on the Physical Properties and Durabilityof Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteFirst PrintingMarch 2010ISBN 978-0-87031-365-3American Concrete InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyr
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10、 contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-3701www.concrete.orgACI 544.5R-10 was adopted
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14、ility for the stated principles. The Instituteshall not be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be rest
15、ated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Report on the Physical Properties and Durabilityof Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteReported by ACI Committee 544ACI 544.5R-10This document addresses the physical properties and durability of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC). The effects o
16、f fiber reinforcement are evaluated forvarious physical, short-term, and long-term benefits they impart to theconcrete mixture. A variety of test methods, conditions, and properties arereported. The various properties listed, in addition to the wide variety ofthe choices available in formulating mat
17、rix systems, allow performance-based specification of concrete materials using fibers to become a viableoption. This document provides a historical basis and an overview of thecurrent knowledge of FRC materials for tailoring new, sustainable, anddurable concrete mixtures.This document is divided int
18、o three sections. The first section discussesthe physical properties of FRC in terms of electrical, magnetic, andthermal properties. Rheological properties, which affect fiber dispersionand distribution, are discussed using both empirical and quantitativerheology. Mechanisms of creep and shrinkage a
19、nd the role of various fibertypes in affecting both plastic shrinkage cracking and restrained shrinkagecracking are also addressed. The durability of concrete as affected by theaddition of fibers is documented under freezing and thawing, corrosionresistance, and scaling. The durability of FRC system
20、s is also affected asdifferent fibers respond differently to the highly alkaline cementitiousmicrostructure. The durability of alkali-resistant glass and cellulose fibersare studied by an in-depth evaluation of long-term accelerated agingresults. Degradation and embrittlement due to alkali attack an
21、d bundleeffect are discussed. Recent advances for modeling and design of materialswith aging characteristics are presented. Literature on the use of FRCmaterials under aggressive environments, extreme temperatures, and fireis presented. The final sections list a series of applications where the use
22、ofFRC has resulted in beneficial durability considerations.Keywords: aging; chloride permeability; corrosion; cracking; creep; diffusion;degradation; ductility; durability; electric properties; embrittlement; fiber-reinforced cement-based materials; fiber-reinforced products; fire resistance;flexura
23、l strength; freezing-and-thawing; glass; microcracking; permeability;plastic shrinkage; polypropylene; polyvinyl alcohol; reinforcing materials;rheology; shrinkage cracking; steel; sulfate attack; thermal conductivity;toughness; water permeability; wood pulp.Ashraf I. Ahmed Graham T. Gilbert Pritpal
24、. S. Mangat*Venkataswamy Ramakrishnan*Corina-Maria Aldea*Vellore S. Gopalaratnam Peter C. Martinez Roy H. ReitermanMadasamy Arockiasamy Antonio J. Guerra Bruno Massicotte Klaus Alexander Rieder*P. N. Balaguru Rishi Gupta James R. McConaghy Pierre RossiJoaquim Oliveira Barros*Carol D. Hays Christian
25、Meyer Surendra P. ShahGordon B. Batson*George C. Hoff Nicholas C. Mitchell Jr. Konstantin SobolevVivek S. Bindiganavile Allen J. Hulshizer Barzin MobasherJim D. Speakman Sr.Peter H. Bischoff Akm Anwarul Islam Henry J. Molloy Chris D. SzychowskiMarvin E. Criswell John Jones*Dudley R. Morgan Peter C.
26、TatnallJames I. Daniel Jubum Kim Antoine E. Naaman*Houssam A. ToutanjiXavier Destree Katherine G. Kuder*Antonio Nanni Jean Franois Trottier*Ashish Dubey David A. Lange Nandakumar Natarajan George J. VentaPhilip L. Dyer John S. Lawler*Jeffrey L. Novak*Gary L. Vondran*Gregor D. Fischer Mark A. Leppert
27、 Mark E. Patton Robert WojtysiakDean P. Forgeron*Maria Lopez de Murphy Max L. Porter Robert C. ZellersSidney Freedman Clifford N. MacDonald*John H. Pye Ronald F. ZolloRichard J. Frost*Subcommittee members who prepared this report.Subcommittee Chair.Nemkumar BanthiaChairNeven Krstulovic-OparaSecretar
28、yMelvyn A. GalinatMembership Secretary544.5R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTCONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and scope, p. 544.5R-21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Notation, definitions, and acronyms,p. 544.5R-32.1Notation2.2Definitions2.3AcronymsChapter 3Physical properties of fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), p
29、. 544.5R-33.1Creep3.2Shrinkage3.3Permeability and diffusion3.4Rheology3.5Electrical properties3.6Thermal conductivityChapter 4Durability of FRC, p. 544.5R-134.1Extreme temperature and fire4.2Freezing and thawing4.3Degradation and embrittlement due to alkali attackand bundle effect4.4Weathering and s
30、caling4.5Corrosion resistanceChapter 5Applications and durability-based design, p. 544.5R-235.1Case studies of applications of FRC materials anddurabilityChapter 6References, p. 544.5R-236.1Referenced standards and reports6.2Cited referencesCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionThe use of fi
31、bers in concrete to improve pre- and post-cracking behavior has gained popularity. Since 1967, severaldifferent fiber types and materials have been successfullyused in concrete to improve its physical properties anddurability. This is supported by an extensive number ofindependent research results s
32、howing the ability of fibers toimprove durability and physical properties of concrete.Regardless of origin, cracking, when induced by chemical,mechanical, or environmental processes, results in deterioratedand less-durable concrete. In addition, the increasedpermeability caused by cracking can accel
33、erate otherdeterioration processes such as freezing-and-thawing damage,again resulting in less-durable concrete.This report addresses the physical properties and durability ofFRC that includes fibers in concrete. In this report, manystructural systems are evaluated for various physical, short-term,
34、and long-term benefits. These effects of using fibershave been determined using various testing methods. Manyneeded tests are not described by existing ASTM standardsand similar standards due to the diverse nature of test methods,conditions, and properties reported. It would be a dauntingtask to add
35、ress every project in an effort to develop correlationsacross the various test results. This report presents a limitedcollection of the published research results in relevant area.With the exception of a few characteristic responses such ascreep, plastic shrinkage cracking, and long-term aging, this
36、report does not address the mechanical properties in detail.The justification for this treatment is that topics such asmechanical properties and testing methods are addressed bysubcommittees. The broader category of physical properties isin context to specific chapters.There are several fiber types
37、on the market intended to addressvarious design requirements and constraints. Table 1.1Table 1.1A compilation of mechanical properties of commonly used fibers in concrete materials*Type of fiber Equivalent diameter, mm Specific gravity, kg/m3Tensile strength, MPa Youngs modulus, GPa Ultimate elongat
38、ion, %Acrylic 0.02 to 0.35 1100 200 to 400 2 1.1Asbestos 0.0015 to 0.02 3200 600 to 1000 83 to 138 1.0 to 2.0Cotton 0.2 to 0.6 1500 400 to 700 4.8 3.0 to 10.0Glass 0.005 to 0.15 2500 1000 to 2600 70 to 80 1.5 to 3.5Graphite 0.008 to 0.009 1900 1000 to 2600 230 to 415 0.5 to 1.0Aramid 0.010 1450 3500
39、 to 3600 65 to 133 2.1 to 4.0Nylon 0.02 to 0.40 1100 760 to 820 4.1 16 to 20Polyester 0.02 to 0.40 1400 720 to 860 8.3 11 to 13Polypropylene (PP) 0.02 to 1.00 900 to 950 200 to 760 3.5 to 15 5.0 to 25.0Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) 0.027 to 0.66 1300 900 to 1600 23 to 40 7 to 8Carbon (standard) 1400 4000
40、230 to 240 1.4 to 1.8Rayon 0.02 to 0.38 1500 400 to 600 6.9 10 to 25Basalt 0.0106 2593 990 7.6 2.56Polyethylene 0.025 to 1.0 960 200 to 300 5.0 3.0Sisal 0.08 to 0.3 760 to 1100 228 to 800 11 to 27 2.1 to 4.2Coconut 0.11 to 0.53 680 to 1020 108 to 250 2.5 to 4.5 14 to 41Jute 0.1 to 0.2 1030 250 to 35
41、0 26 to 32 1.5 to 1.9Steel 0.15 to 1.00 7840 345 to 3000 200 4 to 10*Data from Nawy (1996), Kuraray (2007), Saechtling (1987), Sim et al. (2005), Toledo et al. (2000), and Balaguru and Shah (1992).Notes: 1 mm = 0.039 in.; 1 kg/m3= 0.06 lb/ft3; 1 MPa = 145 psi; 1 GPa = 1,450,000 psi.PHYSICAL PROPERTI
42、ES AND DURABILITY OF FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE 544.5R-3summarizes the majority of materials used in fiber productionand the typical range of mechanical properties for each fiber type.1.2ScopeThe report is divided into three sections:1. The physical properties of FRC;2. The areas where concrete durab
43、ility is affected by theaddition of fibers; and3. A series of applications where FRC use resulted inbeneficial durability.The various properties addressed and the wide selectionavailable in formulating matrix systems allow performance-based specification of concrete materials using fibers tobecome a
44、 viable reality. The objective of this report is toprovide a historical basis about current knowledge forconcrete professionals to use in tailoring new, sustainable,and durable concrete mixtures.CHAPTER 2NOTATION, DEFINITIONS,AND ACRONYMS2.1NotationA = aspect ratioC = capacitance, faradsCt= creep co
45、efficient at time tCu= ultimate creep coefficientd = fiber diameter, in. (mm)Ef= modulus of elasticity of fibers, psi (MPa)f = frequency of the AC, HzHR= relative humidityKs= thermal conductivity, BTU h1ft1F1 (Wm1C1)k = reaction rate of the corrosion responsible forstrength lossko= frequency factor
46、of collisions between the reactantsl = fiber length, in. (mm)Qcr= correction factor to modify for nonstandardconditionsR = resistance, ohmsRu= universal gas constant, lb ft/(Rlb mol) (J/(mol.K)s = normalized strengthT = temperature, F (K)t = time, daysVf= volume fraction of fibers, in.3 (mm3)X = X-c
47、apacity reactance, ohmZ = impedance, ohmsGI= activation energy required for the reaction to takeplace, ft-lb/mol (KJ/mol)Ts= temperature difference through the thickness of thematerial with known thermal conductivity, F (K)Tu= temperature difference through the thickness ofthe material with the unkn
48、own thermal conductivity,F (K) = shear stress, psi (MPa)o= Bingham yield stress, psi (MPa)o= Bingham plastic viscosity, lbs/in.2(Ns/m2)= shear rate, in./s per in. (m/s per m)2.2DefinitionsACI provides a comprehensive list of definitions throughan online resource, “ACI Concrete Terminology,” http:/te
49、rminology.concrete.org. Definitions provided herecomplement that resource.aspect ratio, fiberthe ratio of length to diameter of afiber in which the diameter may be an equivalent diameter(see fiber, equivalent diameter).fiber, equivalent diameterdiameter of a circle havingan area equal to the average cross sectional area of a fiber.texthe mass in grams of 3280 ft (1 km) of strand orroving.2.3AcronymsAASHTOAmerican Association of State HighwayTransportation OfficialsACalternating currentAC-ISalternating current-impedance spec
