1、ACI 550.1R-09Reported by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 550Guide to Emulating Cast-in-PlaceDetailing for Seismic Designof Precast Concrete StructuresGuide to Emulating Cast-in-Place Detailing for Seismic Designof Precast Concrete StructuresFirst PrintingFebruary 2009ISBN 978-0-87031-319-6American Concrete
2、 InstituteAdvancing concrete knowledgeCopyright by the American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. All rights reserved. This materialmay not be reproduced or copied, in whole or part, in any printed, mechanical, electronic, film, or otherdistribution and storage media, without the written con
3、sent of ACI.The technical committees responsible for ACI committee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities,omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionallyfind information or requirements that may be subject to more than one inter
4、pretation or may beincomplete or incorrect. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents arerequested to contact ACI. Proper use of this document includes periodically checking for errata atwww.concrete.org/committees/errata.asp for the most up-to-date revisions.ACI committee docu
5、ments are intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate thesignificance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for theapplication of the material it contains. Individuals who use this publication in any way assume all risk andaccept
6、total responsibility for the application and use of this information.All information in this publication is provided “as is” without warranty of any kind, either express or implied,including but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose ornon-infring
7、ement.ACI and its members disclaim liability for damages of any kind, including any special, indirect, incidental,or consequential damages, including without limitation, lost revenues or lost profits, which may resultfrom the use of this publication.It is the responsibility of the user of this docum
8、ent to establish health and safety practices appropriate tothe specific circumstances involved with its use. ACI does not make any representations with regard tohealth and safety issues and the use of this document. The user must determine the applicability of allregulatory limitations before applyi
9、ng the document and must comply with all applicable laws and regulations,including but not limited to, United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) healthand safety standards.Order information: ACI documents are available in print, by download, on CD-ROM, through electronicsubs
10、cription, or reprint and may be obtained by contacting ACI.Most ACI standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual ofConcrete Practice (MCP).American Concrete Institute38800 Country Club DriveFarmington Hills, MI 48331U.S.A.Phone: 248-848-3700Fax: 248-848-37
11、01www.concrete.orgACI 550.1R-09 supersedes ACI 550.1R-01 and was adopted and published February2009.Copyright 2009, American Concrete Institute.All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by anymeans, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electron
12、ic ormechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproductionor for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writingis obtained from the copyright proprietors.550.1R-1ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, StandardPractices, and Com
13、mentaries are intended for guidance inplanning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction.This document is intended for the use of individuals who arecompetent to evaluate the significance and limitations of itscontent and recommendations and who will acceptresponsibility for the application
14、 of the material it contains.The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and allresponsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall notbe liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.Reference to this document shall not be made in contractdocuments. If items found in this document are
15、 desired by theArchitect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, theyshall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation bythe Architect/Engineer.Guide to Emulating Cast-in-Place Detailingfor Seismic Design of Precast Concrete StructuresReported by Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 550ACI 550.
16、1R-09This guide provides information for detailing precast concrete structuresthat should meet building code requirements for all seismic design categoriesby emulating cast-in-place reinforced concrete design. This guide alsoexplains how emulative precast concrete structures can address the provisio
17、nsof ACI 318-08, including those of Chapter 21, if special attention isdirected to detailing the joints and splices between precast components.Keywords: ductility; elastic design; emulation; flexural strength; joint;precast concrete; precast detailing; reinforcement.CONTENTSChapter 1Introduction and
18、 scope, p. 550.1R-21.1Introduction1.2ScopeChapter 2Notation and definitions, p. 550.1R-22.1Notation2.2DefinitionsChapter 3General design procedures, p. 550.1R-23.1Selecting a structural system3.2Ductility and hinges3.3Design and analysis proceduresChapter 4System components, p. 550.1R-7Chapter 5Conn
19、ection of precast elements,p. 550.1R-85.1Connections in wall systems5.2Connections in frame systems5.3Other connections: floor diaphragms5.4Special materials and devicesChapter 6Guidelines for fabrication, transportation, erection, and inspection,p. 550.1R-15Chapter 7Examples of emulative precast co
20、ncrete structures, p. 550.1R-16Chapter 8Summary and conclusions,p. 550.1R-16Chapter 9References, p. 550.1R-169.1Referenced standards and reports9.2Cited referencesTe-Lin Chung Mohammad S. Habib Kenneth A. Luttrell*Mario E. RodriguezNed M. Cleland*Neil M. Hawkins Vilas S. Mujumdar*Joseph C. SandersWi
21、lliam K. Doughty Augusto H. Holmberg Frank A. Nadeau John F. Stanton*Alvin C. EricsonL. S. Paul Johal Clifford R. Ohlwiler P. Jeffrey WangMelvyn A. Galinat Jason J. Krohn Victor F. Pizano-Thomen Cloyd E. “Joe” Warnes*Harry A. Gleich*Emily B. Lorenz Sami H. Rizkalla*Member of the subcommittee that pr
22、epared this report.Chair of the subcommittee that prepared this report.The committee would like to acknowledge Cloyd E. Warnes contribution for providing the initial information on emulation, and FDG, Inc., of Arvada, CO, for providinggraphics.Thomas J. DArcyChair550.1R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORTCHAPTER
23、 1INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE1.1IntroductionEmulative detailing is defined as the design of connectionsystems in a precast concrete structure so that its structuralperformance is equivalent to that of a conventionallydesigned, cast-in-place, monolithic concrete structure(Ericson and Warnes 1990).Emulativ
24、e detailing is distinct from jointed detailing,where precast elements are connected with special jointingdetails, such as welded or bolted plates, in that the bendingstiffness of the connections differs from that of the members.As commonly applied, “emulation” refers to the design ofthe vertical or
25、horizontal elements of the gravity and lateral-force-resisting system of a building. Emulative detailing ofprecast concrete structures is applicable to any structuralsystem where monolithic structural concrete would also beappropriate, regardless of seismic design category (Precast/Prestressed Concr
26、ete Institute 1999).Design practice in some countries with a high seismic risk,such as New Zealand and Japan, follows design codes thataddress precast concrete detailed by emulation of cast-in-place concrete design. Performance of joints and relateddetails of emulative precast concrete structural co
27、ncepts hasbeen extensively tested in Japan. Because emulative precastconcrete structures have been constructed there for overthree decades, emulative methods for seismic design arewidely accepted.Typical details showing proportional dimensions, as wellas reinforcing steel, are schematic only and are
28、 providedsolely to demonstrate the interactivity of the jointing essentials.All connection details are subject to structural analysis andcompliance with code requirements. Splicing reinforcingbars by welding or lapping is not permitted by ACI 318-08whenever the bars are subjected to stresses beyond
29、the actualyield points of the reinforcing steel being used. Based ontests of mechanical splices reported by the CaliforniaDepartment of Transportation (Noureddine et al. 1996),concern was expressed about staggering of mechanicalsplices of reinforcing bars. Staggering is not required bycurrent codes.
30、Only essential reinforcing bars are shown in detail toprovide clarity. Other reinforcing steel that would typicallybe incorporated into a conventional design is not shown. Thespecification and delineation of reinforcing bars or strandsizes and locations, layers, types, and numbers are theresponsibil
31、ity of the designer.1.2ScopeThe purpose of this guide is to give the reader a workingknowledge of emulation and emulative detailing to meetrequirements in current codes. The term “emulation” hasbecome a common concept for designers working withprecast concrete systems, but has also been misinterpret
32、ed inrelation to jointed systems. This guide shows a variety ofemulative details and describes how they are used. Design isbasically that of monolithic cast-in-place reinforced concreteconverted to precast members, so no special design knowledgeis required to use emulative details.CHAPTER 2NOTATION
33、AND DEFINITIONS2.1NotationAcv= gross area of concrete section bounded by webthickness and depth of section in the direction ofshear force consideredfc = specified compressive strength of concreteMc= factored moment amplified for the effects of membercurvature used for design of compression memberMnb
34、= nominal flexural strength of beam, including slabwhere in tension, framing into jointMnc= nominal flexural strength of column framing intojoint, calculated for factored axial force, consistentwith the direction of lateral forces considered,resulting in lowest flexural strengthMpr= probable flexura
35、l strength of members, with orwithout axial load, determined using the propertiesof the member at the joint faces assuming a tensilestress in the longitudinal bars of at least 1.25fyanda strength reduction factor of 1.0 = dynamic amplification factor2.2Definitionselementan individual part of the str
36、ucture such as acolumn, beam, wall, floor, or roof section that can be precastin other than its final location.emulationdesigning precast elements and their structuralconnections to perform as if the structure was a conventionalcast-in-place concrete structure.emulative detaila connection in which t
37、he structuralperformance is equivalent to that of a continuous member ora monolithic connection.jointed detaila connection where the bending stiffnessdiffers from that of the members and requires special designto collect, transfer, and redistribute forces from one memberto another through the connec
38、tion.memberan individual part of the structural system,synonymous with element, such as a column, beam, floor,roof, or wall.structurea building or bridge built with individualelements or members.systema collection of elements or members that form astructure.CHAPTER 3GENERAL DESIGN PROCEDURESA large
39、body of technical information is available for thedesign of cast-in-place reinforced concrete structures, andextensive research and development is ongoing for all typesof cast-in-place concrete technology. Numerous textbookshave been written about the behavior and design of cast-in-place reinforced
40、concrete. Design procedures and examplesfor cast-in-place reinforced concrete are available (Cole/Yee/Schubert and Associates 1993). Building codes areregularly revised to reflect new research and technologydevelopments, and the results are incorporated into teachingand working practice (Internation
41、al Code Council 2006; ACI318-08). This knowledge for designing reinforced cast-in-place concrete structures is readily applicable to the designof emulative precast concrete.EMULATING CAST-IN-PLACE DETAILING FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES 550.1R-3The analysis and design of cast-in-
42、place reinforcedconcrete structures is based on the premise that the entiresystem behaves monolithically. A cast-in-place concretestructure is actually built member by member with jointsbetween concrete placements because of limitations inconcrete placing, construction procedures, or schedules. Duet
43、o the continuity of the reinforcement and specific requirementsfor construction joints, the structure performs as a unit. Theprincipal element of emulative detailing of precast concreteis to detail a precast structure that will exhibit structuralbehavior similar to that of a cast-in-place structure.
44、Construction joints, whether in prefabricated or cast-in-place concrete structures, should be located and detailed toensure transmission of induced forces and loads in both theconcrete and reinforcing steel. For precast concrete, emulativeconstruction joints will likely occur at the same locations a
45、sdry joints in cast-in-place structural elements. Joints willusually be located at the ends of beams and columns, at both theends and sides of floor elements, and between wall elements.The essential differences between cast-in-place reinforcedconcrete and emulative, reinforced, precast concrete rela
46、te tofield connections and assembly of the prefabricatedelements. Prefabricated elements have additional designrequirements for stripping, transportation, and erection loadsimposed on them, but the structural analysis and elementdesign is essentially the same for both types of construction.Using emu
47、lative methods for connecting precast concreteelements, the detailing process follows three general steps:1. The structural system for resisting gravity and lateralloads should be selected. A separate gravity-load-resistingframe can be combined with lateral-load-resisting shearwalls, or both functio
48、ns can be accomplished with moment-resisting frames. System selection is often controlled by theheight of the building and the span of the components as wellas architectural requirements. Some code limitations mayalso apply (International Code Council 2006).2. The structure should be designed and de
49、tailed to meetthe requirements of the applicable building code as if it wereto be constructed of monolithic cast-in-place reinforcedconcrete, keeping in mind that the structure will be dividedinto structural elements of sizes and shapes that:Are suitable for plant fabrication;Are capable of being transported; andCan be erected by cranes available to the contractor.3. The structure should be organized into precast elementsof appropriate sizes and shapes to meet the aforementionedcriteria. The appropriate connections should then bedesigned and detai
