1、 Ob62949 0544345 784 High-Performance Concrete and Performance and Oualitv J of Concrete StructGres Proceedings, Second CANMET/ AC1 International Conference Gramado, RS, Brazil, 1999 Editors V. M. Malhotra P. Helene L. R. Prudncio, Jr. D. C. C. Da1 Molin international SP- 186 DISCUSSION of individua
2、l papers in this symposium may be submitted in accordance with general requirements of the AC1 Publication Policy to AC1 head- quarters at the address given below. Closing date for submission of discussion is November 1, 1999. All discussion approved by the Technical Activities Commit- tee along wit
3、h closing remarks by the authors will be published in the March/ April 2000 issue of either AC1 Structural Jouraiad, or AC1 Materials Journal depending on the subject emphasis of the individual paper. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Inst
4、itute publications are not able to, nor intended to, supplant indi- vidual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information presented. The papers in this volume have been reviewed under Institute publication proce- dures by individuals expert in the subject area
5、s of the papers. Copyright O 1999 AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE P.O. Box 9094 Farmington Hills, Michigan 48333-9094 All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device,
6、printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors. Printed in the United States of America Editorial production: Jane D. Carroll Library of Congr
7、ess catalog card number: 99-62046 ObbZLi 0544LLi7 557 PREFACE In June 1999, the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Escola Politecnica da Universidade de So Paulo, all of Brazil, in cooperation with the American Concrete Institute, U.S.A., and CANMET, C
8、anada, sponsored the Second International Conference on High- Performance Concrete, and Performance and Quality of Concrete Structures in Brazil. The first conference on the subject was held in Florianopolis, Brazil, in 1996. The purpose of this second conference, which was held in Gramado, RS, Braz
9、il, June 1-4, 1999, was to show and to disseminate technical information on emerging high-performance concrete in Brazil and other South American countries. More than 100 papers from all over the world were received, and reviewed in accordance with the policies of the American Concrete Institute and
10、 45 were accepted for publication. To all those whose submissions could not be included in the symposium volume, the American Concrete Institute and the International Conference Organizing Committee extend their appreciation for their hard work and interest. In addition to the papers that have been
11、published in the proceedings, a number of others were presented at the Conference. Thanks are extended to the distinguished members of the CANMET/ACI review panel who reviewed the draft manuscripts in 1998 at the panel meeting in Brazil. Without their prompt review and constructive comments, it woul
12、d not have been possible to publish the proceedings for distribution at the Conference. The cooperation of the authors in accepting reviewers suggestions and revising their manuscripts accordingly is greatly appreciated. The help of AC1 staff for performing the administrative duties associated with
13、this publication is greatly acknowledged. Editors V. M. Malhotra P. Helene L. R. Prudncio, Jr. D. C. C. Da1 Molin iii Obb2949 0544L48 493 CANMET/ACI Second International Conference on High-Performance Concrete, and Performance and Quality of Concrete Structures-Gramado, RS, Brazil, i 999 Internation
14、al Organizing Committee Chairmen V. M. Malhotra, Canada P. Helene, Brazil Members D. C. C. Da1 Molin, Brazil P. K. Mehta, U.S.A. R. N. Swamy, U.K. L. R. Prudncio, Jr., Brazil Local Organizing Committee A. Masuero, Brazil D. L. Kleim, Brazil J. L. Campagnolo, Brazil R. Cremonini, Brazil M. Kulakowski
15、, Brazil iv Oh62949 0544149 32T = CONTENTS CONCRETE SULFATE ATTACK IN A SULFATE-FREE ENVIRONMENT by M. Collepardi . 1 DESIGN AND PROPERTIES OF HIGH-VOLUME FLY ASH HIGH- PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by J. G. Cabrera and C. D. Atis 21 PREHYDRATED HIGH-ALUMINA CEMENT-BASED ADMIXTURE FOR COMPENSATING AUTOGENOUS
16、 SHRINKAGE IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by W. L. Repette and N. P. Mailvaganam . 39 MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF REPAIRED BEAMS UNDER STATIC LOADING by K. C. G. Ong W. Xu, and P. Paramasiv am . 59 CONCRETE PERFORMANCE WITH ADMIXTURES OF ELECTRICAL STEEL SLAG AND COPPER SLAG CONCERNING MECHANICAL PROPERTIE
17、S by W. Moura, A. Masuero, D. Da1 Molin, and A. Vilela . 81 HIGH-PERFORMANCE FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR MINE ROADWAY SUPPORT PANELS by J. SuSterSic, M. Kolenc, A. Zajc, F. Ricek, and M. Z. Pogorelcnik . 101 RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF DRY-MIX SHOTCRETE by A. D. Figueiredo 113 CONCRETE MIX PROPORTIONI
18、NG TO MEET DURABILITY CONCERNS FOR CONFEDERATION BRIDGE by W. Langley . 129 ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE INCORPORATING SUPERPLASTICIZER AND VISCOUS AGENT FOR PAVEMENTS by M. Kagaya, H. Tokuda, and Y. Inaba 149 PERFORMANCE OF POLYOLEFIN FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE UNDER CYCLIC LOADING by V. Ramakrishnan a
19、nd C. Sivakum ar 161 MICROSTRUCTURE OF TWO-THOUSAND-YEAR-OLD LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE by R. Rivera-Villarreal and J. G. Cabrera . 183 USE OF LOCALLY AVAILABLE AGGREGATES FOR HIGH-STRENGTH, HIGH ABRASION-RESISTANT CONCRETE IN SLOVENIA by M. Simon and J. Selih . 201 V Obb2949 0544350 041 STUDY OF INFLUENC
20、E OF RICE-HUSK FLY ASH ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT DIFFERENT AGES by G. Rodriguez de Sensale and D. C. C. Da1 Molin . 213 BOND INFLUENCE ON ROTATION CAPACITY OF HIGH-STRENGTH AND NORMAL STRENGTH CONCRETE BEAMS by I. A. E. M. Shehata, L. A. Ventorini, and L. C. D. Sheha ta . 231 MICROSTRUC
21、TURAL INVESTIGATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT MORTARS CONTAINING VARYING DOSAGES OF POLYNAPHTHALENE SULFONATE SUPERPLASTICIZER by G. Xu, J. J. Beaudoin, C. Jolicoeur, and M. Page 253 PHYSIC0 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by A. DiMaio, G. Giaccio, and R. Zerbino 275 GAS PERMEABILITY OF
22、HIGH-PERFORM ANCE CONCRETES4ITE AND LABORATORY TESTS by R. Torrent . 291 PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED LIGHTWEIGHT AND NORMAL- WEIGHT CONCRETE IN SIMULATED MARINE ENVIRONMENT by C. K. Ong, T. W. Bremner, T. A. Holm, and S. R. Boyd . 309 COMPUTER SIMULATION OF PARTICLE PACKING IN CEMENTITIOUS SYSTE
23、MS by M. Stroeven and P. Stroeven 327 HIGH-STRENGTH HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE USING FLY ASH AND SUPERPLASTICIZER ADMIXTURE by R. Rivera, R. Dvila, and A. Durn . 341 COMPOSITE COLUMNS-STEEL PIPES WITH SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR by J. F. Fernandez and R. S. Agostini 357 SECTIONS AND HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE
24、 CORE CHLORIDE PENETRATION PROFILES IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS by P. Castro, O. T. De Rincn, and E. Pazini . 371 BEHAVIOR OF NORMAL AND HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETES DURING VIBRATION by M. N. Soutos, J. H. Bungey, M. J. Brizell, and G. D. Henderson . 391 FROST DURABILITY OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE INCORPORA
25、TING SLAG OR SILICA FUME by M. Soeda, T. Yamato, and Y. Emoto . 409 vi 0bb2949 0544353 T88 INFLUENCE OF CEMENT TYPE AND CURING CONDITIONS ON INITIAL ABSORPTION OF CONCRETE by G. Camarini, J. P. Balayssac, and Ch. PI. Detrich . 427 BEHAVIOR OF REINFORCED HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE CORBELS- EXPERIMENTAL I
26、NVESTIGATION AND DESIGN MODEL by G. B. Fernandes . 445 AXIALLY LOADED HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE COLUMNS WITH STEEL FIBERS by A. E. P. Guimares, J. S. Giongo, and T. Takeya 463 SYNERGIC ACTION OF FLY ASH IN TERNARY MIXTURES OF HIGH- PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by G. C. Isaia . 481 MECHANISMS OF ACTIONS OF D
27、IFFERENT SUPERPLASTICIZERS FOR HIGH- PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by S. Collepardi, L. Coppola, R. Troli, and M. Collepardi 503 RELIABILITY UPDATING OF DETERIORATING CONCRETE FLOOR SLABS by T. J. DaSilva and P. Roca 525 DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATION OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE IN BRIDGE ENGINEERI
28、NG IN POLAND by W. Radomski . 537 PRODUCTION AND TESTING OF SELF-LEVELLING CONCRETE by J. Ambroise, S. Rols, and J. Pra 555 HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE WITH LIMESTONE FILLER CEMENTS by V. Bonavetti, H. Donza, V. Rahhal, and E. E Irassar 567 ESTIMATION OF MODULUS OF ELASTICITY IN HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE
29、 MIX AT EARLIER AND LATER AGES by R. C. A. Pinto and K. C. Hover . 581 HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE DEEP BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS by A. P. Almeida and N. de Oliveira Pinto, Jr 597 ADMIXTURE COMPATIBILITY IN SPECIAL CONCRETES by N. P. Mailvaganam 61 5 MODELING OF SERVICEABILITY BEHAVIOR OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE
30、FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER REINFORCED CONCRETE MEMBERS by M. A. Aiello and L. Ombres . 635 Ob62749 0544352 L4 W MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND DURABILITY OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by R. E. Silveira, J. M. Calixto, and J. T. Fontoura 655 INFLUENCE OF ULTRA-FINE PARTICLE TYPE ON PROPERTIES OF VERY- HIGH-S
31、TRENGTH CONCRETE by S. Rols, M. Mbessa, J. Ambroise, and J. Pera . 671 WATER PERMEABILITY STUDY OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE by J. Sebe and J. M. Calixto . 687 BEHAVIOR OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS by R. H. Scott, S. J. Hamil, and P. S. Baglin 699 COMPARISON BETWEEN DEMAND OF SU
32、PERPLASTICIZER ADMIXTURE AND STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE USING SILICA FUME AND RESIDUAL RICE-HUSK ASH by S. Santos, L. R. Prdencio, Jr, and G. P. Gava 715 APPLICATIONS OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE FOR ULTRA-THIN PAVEMENT OVERLAYS (WHITE-TOPPING) by J. T. Balbo 73 1 STUDIES ON H
33、IGH-PERFORMANCE HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE (HPHSC) COLUMNS by B. V. Rangan . .745 DESIGN FOR DURABLE SERVICE LIFE-LINCHPIN FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION by R. N. Swamy 765 viii SP 186-1 Concrete Sulfate Attack in a Sulfate-Free Environment by M. Collepardi Svnopsis: The present paper provi
34、des an example of the application of the holistic model to the study of one of the most complex phenomenon in the science of concrete durability, namely the deterioration caused by delayed ettringite formation (DEF) in a sulfate-free environment. By adopting the holistic approach, a new model to exp
35、lain this damage is proposed. The model is based on three essential elements: late-sulfate release, microcracking, and exposure to water. Late-sulfate release from a cement with high-sulfate content (especially that with high content of clinker sulfate in less available form) can cause the delayed d
36、eposition of ettringite in pre-existing microcracks after sulfate ions diffuse through the pore solution in concrete, either intermittently, or continuously exposed to environmental water. Microcracking may be promoted by alkali-silica reaction, steam curing at high temperatures, localized high stre
37、ss in prestressed concrete structures or other causes. Theoretically, the DEF-induced damage occurrence can be reduced or prevented by controlling at least one of the above three parameters. In practice, the best way of reducing the DEF-induced damage risk is either to avoid cements with high clinke
38、r sulfate that are responsible for the late-sulfate release, or to adopt lower and more homogeneous stress distribution derived from the prestressing process in precast elements, such as concrete ties. Keywords: delayed ettringite formation; durability; microcracking; prestressed concrete elements;
39、sulfate attack 1 W Obb2949 0544354 797 W 2 Collepardi Mario Collepardi is Professor of Materials Science and Technology in the Ancona University, Italy. He is author or Co-author of numerous papers on concrete technology and cement chemistry. He is also the recipient of awards for his contributions
40、to the fundamental knowledge of superplasticizers and their use in concrete. INTRODUCTION Sulfate attack is related to the expansive character of the ettringite formation by reaction of internal (concrete) or external (from the environment) sulfate with the hydrated calcium aluminate of the hardened
41、-cement matrix. Not necessarily the ettringite formation produces a damaging effect. When it occurs homogeneously and immediately (within hours or days) in a mixture or in a deformable concrete - early ettringite formation (EEF) - the related expansion does not cause any significant localized disrup
42、tive action (Table 1). This happens when ground gypsum reacts with anhydrous calcium aluminates within some hours (set regulation) or when a calcium aluminate sulfate (C,A,S) hydrates within few days producing a relatively small, homogeneous, harmless and rather useful stress (expansive cements for
43、shrinkage compensating concretes). On the other hand, when ettringite forms heterogeneously and later (after months or years) - delayed ettringiteformation (DEF) - the localized related expansion in a rigid hardened concrete produces cracking, spalling, and strength loss. Therefore only DEF - and no
44、t EEF - is associated with a damaging sulfate attack (Table 1). There are two different types of DEF-related damage depending on the sulfate source (Table 2): external or internal sulfate attack. External sulfate attack (ESA) occurs when environmental sulfate (from water or soil) penetrates concrete
45、 structures. Internal sulfate attack (ISA) occurs in a sulfate-free environment for the late sulfate release from either gypsum-contaminated aggregates or sulfur- rich clinker phase (1). According to the terminology currently used, the term “DEF is related to the internal sulfate attack only. Howeve
46、r, more correctly delayed ettringite formation would mean that ettringite forms later regardless of the sulfate source. HOLISTIC AND REDUCTIONIST APPROACHES The holistic approach considers concrete construction in its entirety with environmental and structural loading in service, rather than concret
47、e as material of laboratory curiosity. Mehta (2) adopted the holistic approach to explain the behavior of concrete structures in the field in contrast to what happens to laboratory specimens and in particular he studied the role played by microcracks in determining the concrete deterioration process
48、. High-Performance Concrete 3 Brittleness, combined with poor tensile strength, is responsible for microcracking in concrete structures subjected to thermal and drying shrinkage, as well as to static and cycling dynamic loading in service. According to Mehta (2) microcracks, promoted by weathering e
49、ffects and loading in service, represent preferential paths for the penetration of aggressive environmental agents such as air, humidity, sulfate and chloride ions. Therefore, pre-existing discontinuous microcracks act as precursors in the corrosion of the reinforcement and in the deterioration of the cement matrix itself as well as that of the reactive aggregates, if any. Once any of these processes is initiated (all having an expansive- disruptive nature), microcracks grow to become macrocracks. After an initial period of a few yearsor
