1、AGMAINFORMATIONSHEET(This Information Sheet is NOT an AGMA Standard)AGMA915-1-A02AGMA 915-1-A02AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONInspection Practices - Part 1:Cylindrical Gears -Tangential MeasurementsiiInspection Practices - Part 1: Cylindrical Gears - TangentialMeasurementsAGMA 915-1-A02CAUTI
2、ON NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,revision or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMAtechnicalpublicationshouldbesurethatthepublicationisthelatestavailablefromtheAs-sociation on the subject matter.Tables or other self-supportin
3、g sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines shouldread: ExtractedfromAGMA915-1-A02,InspectionPractices -Part1: CylindricalGears- Tangential Measurements, with the permission of the publisher, the American GearManufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.
4、Approved April 16, 2002ABSTRACTThis information sheet provides a code of practice dealing with inspection relevant to tangential element andcomposite deviations of cylindrical involute gears (measurements referred to single flank contact) and servesasasupplementtoANSI/AGMA2015-1-A01,AccuracyClassifi
5、cationSystem - TangentialMeasurementsforCylindrical Gears.Published byAmerican Gear Manufacturers Association1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314Copyright 2002 by American Gear Manufacturers AssociationAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,
6、in an electronicretrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN: 1-55589-798-3AmericanGearManufacturersAssociationAGMA 915-1-A02AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONiiiContentsPageForeword v.1 Scope 1.2 References 13 Symb
7、ols and corresponding terms 1.4 Extent of gear inspection 3.5 Identification of deviation position 4.6 Measurement of pitch deviations 57 Measurement of profile deviations 138 Measurement of helix deviations 19.9 Measurement of single flank composite deviations 2610 Contact pattern checking 37Figure
8、s1 Notation and numbering for external gear 5.2 Notation and numbering for internal gear 5.3 Schematic of single probe measuring device 64 Single pitch deviation, single probe device 75 Pitch measurement with a pitch comparator 8.6 Circular pitch measurement, two probe device 87 Single pitch deviati
9、on, two probe device 98 Sample table with hypothetical deviation values obtained by pitchcomparator (two probe) device 10.9 Sample table with hypothetical deviation values obtained by indexing(single probe) device 10.10 Sample graphic representation of single pitch deviations, fpt1011 Sample graphic
10、 representation of index deviations 1012 Base pitch measurement, two probe device 1113 Schematic of involute inspection device 13.14 Profile measuring method 13.15 Profile inspection by coordinates 14.16 Typical tooth profile measurement charts 1417 Tooth profile and profile diagram 15.18 Mean profi
11、le slope deviation, fHm1619 Profile inspection by optical projection 18.20 Profile inspection by gear tooth caliper method 18.21 Profile inspection by measurement over pins 18.22 Helix deviation 19.23 Graphic charting of helix 1924 Helix diagram 21.25 Traces generated from four tooth flanks 21.26 He
12、lix of right hand helical gear with short lead (+ helix angle) 23.27 Helix of right hand helical gear with long lead (- helix angle) 23.28 Helix of left hand helical gear with long lead (- helix angle) 24.29 Helix of left hand helical gear with short lead (+ helix angle) 2430 Principle of undulation
13、 inspection 25.31 Composite gear testing, double and single flank 2632 Schematic of a single flank measuring device 2733 Individual tooth deviations revealed by single flank testing 27.34 Filtered signal from figure 33 (eccentricity removed) 2835 Angular motion curves from tooth modification 29.AGMA
14、 915-1-A02 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONiv36 Effect of contact transfer on the profile component in a tangentialcomposite deviation diagram (spur gears) 30.37 Influence of overlap ratio 3138 Single flank composite strip chart 32.39 Single flank composite test, low number of teeth 3340 Sing
15、le flank composite test, high number of teeth 33.41a Total composite deviation 34.41b Long term component 3441c Short term component 3542 Manual interpretation of composite test 3643 Part of tangential composite deviation diagram - Interpretation example 36.44 Tangential composite deviation diagrams
16、 showing influence of meshrelocation 37.45 Matching profiles, with tooth alignment mismatch and end relief 38.46 Matching helix, with profile mismatch and end relief 38.47 Waviness 39.48 Typical specification: approximately 75% contact, excluding extremes oftooth, which are intentionally relieved 39
17、.Tables1 Symbols and definitions 1AGMA 915-1-A02AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONvForewordThis Information Sheet, AGMA 915-1-A02, Inspection Practices - Part 1: CylindricalGears - Tangential Measurements is provided for informational purposes and is intendedfor use with the Standard ANSI/AGMA
18、2015-1-A01, Accuracy Classification System -Tangential Measurements for Cylindrical Gears.AGMA 915-1-A02 replaces AGMA ISO 10064-1, Cylindrical Gears - Code of InspectionPractice -Part1:InspectionofCorrespondingFlanksofGearTeeth.andtheinformationonsimilar subjects as covered in ANSI/AGMA 2000-A88, G
19、ear Classification and InspectionHandbook -TolerancesandMeasuringMethodsforUnassembledSpurandHelicalGears.The user of this Information Sheet is alerted that differences exist between it andANSI/AGMA 2000-A88 and AGMA ISO 10064-1. These include, but are not limited to:- Measuringmethodsrefertoanaccur
20、acygradenumberingsystemthatisreversed,such that the smallest number represents the smallest tolerance;- Probe direction and measurement requirements for elemental and compositetolerances may differ from ANSI/AGMA 2000-A88 or AGMA ISO 10064-1;- The measurement profile evaluation range and helix evalu
21、ation range, wherethetolerancesareapplied,aredefinedfordifferentareathaninANSI/AGMA2000-A88or AGMA ISO 10064-1;- The measurement of undulations is included;- Concepts of mean measurement trace, design trace, slope deviation, formdeviation, gear form filter cutoff, tolerance diameter and data density
22、 are defined.Therefore, the user of this information sheet must be very careful when comparingmeasurement methods formerly specified using ANSI/AGMA 2000-A88 or AGMA ISO10064-1.The first draftof AGMA915-1-A02 wasmade inMay, 1998. Thisdocument wasapprovedby the Inspection Handbook Committee on Januar
23、y 31, 2002. It was approved by theTechnical Division Executive Committee as an AGMA Information Sheet on April 16, 2002.Suggestionsforimprovementofthisdocumentwillbewelcome. TheyshouldbesenttotheAmerican Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria,Virginia 22314.AGMA 915-
24、1-A02 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATIONviPERSONNEL of the AGMA Inspection and Handbook CommitteeChairman: Edward Lawson M with a letter R or L it is indicatedwhetherthepitchliesbetweenrightorleftflanks. Forexample Pitch 2 L, (see figures 1 and 2).5.6 Number of pitches kThe subscript k of a dev
25、iation symbol denotes thenumberofconsecutivepitchestowhichthedeviationapplies.In practice, a number is substituted for k, forexample Fp3indicates that a given cumulative pitchdeviation refers to three pitches.6 Measurement of pitch deviations6.1 Pitch deviationIndex, single pitch (fpt), and total cu
26、mulative pitch(Fp)areelementalparametersrelatingtotheaccura-cyoftoothlocationsaroundagear. Thefollowingisadescriptionofthemeasuringmethodsandaguidetothe interpretation of data generated by the measur-ing devices.6.2 Pitch deviation measurementMeasurements for determining index, single pitch(fpt), an
27、d total cumulative pitch (Fp) are made:- relative to the datum axis of the gear;- at the tolerance diameter, dT;- In the specified tolerancing direction (withinthetransverseplanealongthearcofthetolerancediameter).leftflank30R 2Ltiprightflank29301230 R = pitch No. 30, right flank2 L = pitch No. 2, le
28、ft flankFigure 1 - Notation and numbering for external geartipleft flank213029rightflank30R1L1 L = pitch No. 1, left flank30 R = pitch No. 30, right flankFigure 2 - Notation and numbering for internal gearAGMA 915-1-A02 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION6Measurements made at different diameters
29、 or inother directions must be adjusted so that they areequivalent tomeasurements atthe tolerancediame-ter and in the tolerance direction. This adjustmentmust be made before comparison of test results totolerances.Sector pitch deviation (Fps/8) is an optional parame-ter described in Annex E of ANSI/
30、AGMA2015-1-A01. Measurements of sector pitch devi-ation are also expected to conform to the abovespecified requirements.Pitch should be measured on both left and rightflanks. However,ifthespecificoperatingdirectionofthe gear is known, only the loaded flanks need to bemeasured.6.3 Pitch deviation mea
31、surement methodsPitch parameters can be measured by either of twotypes of device. The indexing (single probe) devicedetermines the location of each tooth around a gear,relative to a datum tooth (the index). The pitchcomparator (two probe) device compares the dis-tancesbetweenadjacenttoothflankstothe
32、distancebetween an initial reference pair of adjacent toothflanks.The various pitch parameters can all be determinedby either measuring device with the application ofsuitable calculations. The indexing method isusually preferred because of its accuracy andsimplicity. However, for large diametergears
33、, useofthe pitch comparator method may be preferable.Coordinate measuring machines without a rotatingtable can also be used for measurements of pitchparameters by probe movementsthat correspondtothe principle of the indexing method.6.3.1 Indexing pitch measurement methodThe indexing (single probe) d
34、evice uses an angularindexing apparatus such as an index plate, circledivider, opticalor electronic encoder, or polygon andauto collimator to precisely rotate the gear by anangular increment equal to its pitch, or 360/z (seefigure 3). The degree of its precision must beconsistent with the quality gr
35、ade and diameter of thegear.Index mechanismTolerancediameter, dTIndex readings+ Indexdeviation- IndexdeviationDash lines representtheoretical location54321Figure 3 - Schematic of single probe measuring deviceAGMA 915-1-A02AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION7The single probe should be oriented to
36、 contact thetooth flanks at the tolerance diameter, dT, and togathermeasurementsinthespecifiedmeasurementdirection. The single probe is adjusted to indicatezero while the device is contacting the randomlyselected initial test tooth flank. As the gear isincrementally rotated around its datum axis, th
37、esingle probe moves in and out on a precision slideand stop, measuring each successive tooth flankposition, relative to the indexing mechanism. Thisprocess is repeated until every tooth has beenmeasured.It is common practice to complete this series ofmeasurementsbytakingafinalmeasurementontheinitial
38、 reference tooth, thereby closing the circle.Ideally, this would produce a second measurementvalue of zero for the first tooth, as was set at thebeginningoftheprocess. Excessivedeviationofthissecond measurement value from zero indicates aproblem with the measurement.6.3.1.1 Calculation of indexIf th
39、e indicator always reads plus material as a plusreading and the gear is indexed counterclockwise(teeth are numbered clockwise), then the right flankmeasurement values provided by the indexing(single probe) pitch measurement device can beused directly as the plus and minus values of indexfor each too
40、th of the gear (see figure 3). Left flanksingle probe measurement values must be multi-plied by 1 to produce plus and minus index values.Other pitch parameters may then be calculated fromthat data.If a graphical recorder is used, data gathered by thesingle probe measurement device will appear in the
41、form shown in figure 4. This figure shows themeasurement value of the initial measured tooth settozero,therebyestablishingitasthereference. Themeasured values shown for all other teeth thenrepresent the positional deviations of those teethfrom the initial reference tooth.6.3.1.2 Calculation of singl
42、e pitch, fptSubtraction of each successive pair of index valuesproduces the plus and minus values of single pitchdeviation for each adjacent pair of tooth flanks of thegear. See Clause 5 for specified tooth numbering,pitch numbering, and flank naming conventions.Thenumber 1single pitchdeviation valu
43、eis equaltothe index value of the last tooth subtracted from theindex value of the first tooth. The number 2 singlepitchdeviationvalueisequaltotheindexvalueofthefirst tooth subtracted from the index value of thesecond tooth. Since the index value of the first toothis set to zero, the number 2 single
44、 pitch deviationvalue is equalto the index value of the secondtooth.Thenumber 3single pitchdeviation valueis equaltothe index value of the second tooth subtracted fromthe index value of the third tooth, and so on.12345678910+fpt- fptTooth number0-+IndexdeviationFigure 4 - Single pitch deviation, sin
45、gle probedeviceIf a graphical recorder is used, data gathered by thesingle probe measurement device will appear in theformshowninfigure4. Singlepitchdeviationvalues,fpt, are shown as the differences between adjacentindex values.6.3.1.3 Calculation of total cumulative pitchdeviation, FpThe total cumu
46、lative pitch deviation, Fp, is equal tothe difference between the most positive and themost negative index value for the complete gear.6.3.1.4 Calculation of sector pitch deviation,Fps/8Calculation of the sector pitch deviation, Fps/8,ispresented in Annex E of ANSI/AGMA 2015-1-A01.6.3.2 Comparator p
47、itch measurement methodThe pitch comparator (two probe) device may bemechanizedorhand-held. Measurements madebythe mechanized version are preferred. In eithercase, both probes should be oriented to contactadjacent tooth flanks at the tolerance diameter.One probe serves to establish a reference posit
48、ionupon a tooth flank. The second probe is fitted witheither a mechanical or an electronic indicator tomeasurevariationsofitspositionfromthefirstprobe.The device is adjusted to indicate zero while theprobes are contacting the randomly selected initialpair of teeth (see figure 5).AGMA 915-1-A02 AMERI
49、CAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION8Figure 5 - Pitch measurement with a pitchcomparatorThe mechanized pitch comparator is a device with arotational axis that positions the gear for measure-ment. Thegearmustbemountedwithitsdatumaxiscoincident with the pitch comparators rotationalaxis.The two probes should be oriented to contact theadjacent tooth flanks within the same transverseplane, at the tolerance diameter, dT. As the gear isrotated around its datum axis, the pitch comparatormoves in and out on a precis
