1、 Guide ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rights reserved. AIAA grants you a license as follows: The right to
2、download an electronic file of this AIAA standard for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard copy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electronic file may no
3、t be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print may only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 American National Standard Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems Sponsored by American Insti
4、tute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved 15 December 2004 American National Standards Institute Abstract This Guide presents information that designers, builders, and users of hydrogen systems can use to avoid or resolve hydrogen hazards. Guidelines are presented for system design, materials se
5、lection, operations, storage, and transportation. Pertinent research is summarized, and the data are presented in a quick-reference form. Further information can be found in the extensive bibliography. ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 iiAmerican Standard National Approval of an American National Standard requir
6、es verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected inte
7、rests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their exist
8、ence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circ
9、umstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secr
10、etariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken to affirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no
11、later than five years from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Guide safety of hydrogen and hydrogen system
12、s. p. cm. “BSR/AIAA G-095-2004.“ ISBN 1-56347-675-4 (hardcopy) - ISBN 1-56347-676-2 (pdf) 1. Hazardous substances-Safety measures. 2. Hydrogen-Safety measures. I. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. T55.3.H3G745 2004 665.810289-dc22 2004012582 Published by American Institute of Aeron
13、autics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright 2005 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the
14、 publisher. Printed in the United States of America ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 iiiContents Foreword xv Scope xvii Acronyms .xviii Terms and Definitions xx Trademarks xxv 1 Basic Hydrogen Safety Guidelines.1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 General1 1.1.2 Hydrogen Usage1 1.1.3 Applicable Standards .2 1.2 Applicabl
15、e Documents .5 1.3 Personnel Training.5 1.3.1 Hydrogen Handling Training 5 1.3.2 Designer Training.6 1.3.3 Operator Certification.6 1.3.4 Hazard Communication Program.6 1.3.5 Annual Review.6 1.4 Inherent Safety Features .6 1.4.1 Hazard Management .6 1.4.2 Barriers 6 1.4.3 Safety Systems6 1.4.4 Safe
16、Interface 7 1.5 Controls .7 1.5.1 Warning Systems.7 1.5.2 Flow Controls.7 1.5.3 Safety Features7 1.6 Fail-Safe Design 7 1.6.1 Certification7 1.6.2 Fail-Safe Design 7 1.6.3 Redundant Features 7 1.7 Safety Assessment and Mishap Reporting 7 1.7.1 Safety Review7 1.7.2 Operating Procedures7 1.7.3 Hazard
17、Analyses8 1.7.4 Mishap Reporting.8 ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 iv1.8 Waiver Provisions 9 2 Properties and Hazards of Hydrogen.9 2.1 General Properties.9 2.2 Ortho- and Para-Hydrogen.9 2.3 Thermophysical Properties 9 2.4 Health Hazard Properties.10 2.5 Characteristic Properties of GH210 2.5.1 Buoyancy .10 2
18、.5.2 Diffusion Coefficient in Air10 2.5.3 Joule-Thomson Expansion 11 2.6 Characteristic Properties of LH2.11 2.6.1 Boiling Point.11 2.6.2 Ice Formation.11 2.6.3 Liquid Air Formation.11 2.6.4 Solidification of Contaminants11 2.6.5 Continuous Evaporation.11 2.6.6 Buoyancy .12 2.6.7 Electric Charge Acc
19、umulation12 2.7 Characteristic Properties of SLH212 2.7.1 Vapor Pressure12 2.7.2 Volume Change .12 2.7.3 Thermal Stratification.12 2.7.4 Thermal Acoustic Oscillation12 2.7.5 Aging13 2.7.6 Electric Charge Buildup .13 2.7.7 Ortho- to Para-Hydrogen Conversion 13 2.7.8 Helium Solubility 13 2.8 Combustio
20、n-Related Properties.13 2.8.1 General13 2.8.2 Lack of Flame Color.13 2.8.3 Flame Temperature in Air 13 2.8.4 Burning Velocity in NTP Air14 2.8.5 Thermal Energy Radiated from Flame to Surroundings.14 2.8.6 Limiting Oxygen Index .14 2.8.7 Ignition .14 2.8.8 Quenching Gap in NTP Air 15 ANSI/AIAA G-095-
21、2004 v2.8.9 Flammability.15 2.9 Flame Propagation.17 2.9.1 General17 2.9.2 Deflagration .17 2.9.3 Detonation .17 2.9.4 Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition 18 2.9.5 Energy of Explosion .19 2.10 Hydrogen Hazards.19 2.10.1 General19 2.10.2 Accidents Involving Hydrogen19 2.10.3 Consequences of Hydroge
22、n Hazards 20 3 Materials for Hydrogen Service25 3.1 Considerations for Materials Selection.25 3.1.1 General25 3.1.2 General Materials.25 3.1.3 Metallic Materials .25 3.1.4 Nonmetallic Materials.26 3.1.5 Clad Materials26 3.1.6 Gasket Materials26 3.1.7 Welds.27 3.1.8 Material Properties.27 3.1.9 Forbi
23、dden Materials .27 3.1.10 Quality Control .27 3.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement 28 3.2.1 General28 3.2.2 Types of Embrittlement28 3.2.3 Effect on Mechanical Properties. .28 3.2.4 Surface and Surface Films.28 3.2.5 Effect of Electrical Discharge Machining29 3.2.6 Effect of Trapping Sites29 3.2.7 Reducing th
24、e Effects of Hydrogen Embrittlement 29 3.3 Thermal Considerations in Material Selection30 3.3.1 Low-Temperature Mechanical Properties 30 3.3.2 Low-Temperature Embrittlement30 3.3.3 Thermal Contraction 31 4 Hydrogen Facilities 32 ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 vi4.1 Safety Policy 32 4.1.1 General32 4.1.2 Press
25、ure Systems Manager.32 4.1.3 Fire Protection .32 4.2 Safety Reviews 33 4.2.1 New Facilities.33 4.2.2 Existing Facility Modification or Rehabilitation .34 4.2.3 Safety Assessment Review34 4.2.4 Operating Procedures34 4.2.5 Training34 4.2.6 Emergency Procedures .34 4.3 General Facility Guidelines 34 4
26、.3.1 Electrical Considerations .35 4.3.2 Bonding and Grounding .36 4.3.3 Roadways and Area Surfaces37 4.3.4 Transfer Piping 37 4.3.5 Elimination of Ignition Sources.37 4.3.6 Illumination.39 4.3.7 Testing.39 4.4 Buildings and Test Chambers39 4.4.1 Buildings 39 4.4.2 Laboratory Setting, Test Chamber,
27、Test Cell, Test Stand39 4.4.3 Weather Shelter or Canopy40 4.4.4 Electrical Equipment 40 4.4.5 Ventilation 40 4.5 Control Rooms.41 4.5.1 Structure 41 4.5.2 Piping Systems 41 4.5.3 Ventilation 42 4.5.4 Inert Gases 42 4.6 Location and QD Guidelines 42 4.6.1 General42 4.6.2 Storage Type .42 4.6.3 Minimu
28、m Quantity Storage 42 4.6.4 Location and QD Standards for GH243 4.6.5 Location and QD Standards for Nonpropellant Use of LH243 ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 vii4.6.6 Location and QD Guidelines for Propellant Use of LH244 4.6.7 Location and QD Guidelines for SLH244 4.6.8 Location and QD Guidelines for Piping
29、and Other Hydrogen Systems 44 4.7 Exclusion Areas .45 4.7.1 General45 4.7.2 Access Control.46 4.7.3 Placarding, Posting, and Labeling46 4.8 Protection of Hydrogen Systems and Surroundings.46 4.8.1 Barricades46 4.8.2 Liquid and Vapor Travel and Confinement.47 4.8.3 Shields and Impoundment Areas.48 4.
30、9 Fire Protection .48 4.9.1 General48 4.9.2 Exposure Protection.49 4.9.3 Deluge Systems.49 4.10 Documentation, Tagging, and Labeling of Storage Vessels, Piping, and Components49 4.10.1 General49 4.10.2 Documentation.50 4.10.3 Tagging50 4.10.4 Labeling .50 4.11 Instrumentation and Monitoring51 4.11.1
31、 Instrumentation 51 4.11.2 Hydrogen Detection .51 4.11.3 Fire Detection 52 4.11.4 System Monitoring .52 4.12 Examination, Inspection, and Recertification .52 4.12.1 General52 4.12.2 Examinations .52 4.12.3 Testing and Recertification 52 4.12.4 Records .53 4.12.5 Schedule54 5 Hydrogen Storage Vessels
32、, Piping, and Components .55 5.1 General Requirements.55 5.1.1 General55 5.1.2 Special Considerations 55 5.1.3 GH2Temperature Considerations55 ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 viii5.2 Storage Vessels.55 5.2.1 Fixed and Mobile Storage Systems for GH2.55 5.2.2 Fixed and Mobile Storage Systems for LH2.56 5.2.3 Fix
33、ed and Mobile Storage Systems for SLH2.57 5.2.4 Aerospace Pressure Vessels.59 5.2.5 Supports 59 5.3 Piping Systems 59 5.3.1 General59 5.3.2 Supports 60 5.3.3 Piping for GH261 5.3.4 Piping for LH2and SLH2.61 5.3.5 Bending and Forming Piping62 5.3.6 Double Block and Bleed.62 5.4 Components 63 5.4.1 Jo
34、ints in Piping and Tubing63 5.4.2 Pipe Connections.65 5.4.3 Fittings .65 5.4.4 Flanges65 5.4.5 Flexible Hoses .65 5.4.6 Expansion Joints65 5.4.7 V-Band Couplings66 5.4.8 Valves67 5.4.9 Transfer Connections.67 5.4.10 Gaskets and O-Rings.68 5.5 Overpressure Protection of Storage Vessels and Piping Sys
35、tems.69 5.5.1 General69 5.5.2 Safety Valves.69 5.5.3 Rupture Disks 70 5.5.4 Supplemental Pressure Relief71 5.5.5 Failure Modes 71 5.6 Hydrogen Vent and Flare Systems 72 5.6.1 General72 5.6.2 Venting.72 5.6.3 Hydrogen Disposal by Burning.73 5.6.4 Hydrogen Disposal Into Exhaust Systems .74 5.6.5 Defla
36、gration Venting 74 ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 ix5.6.6 Explosion Prevention .74 5.7 Contamination74 5.7.1 General74 5.7.2 Filters.74 5.7.3 Interconnected Systems 75 5.8 Vacuum System.76 5.8.1 General76 5.8.2 Hydrogen Vacuum Pumps .76 6 Hydrogen and Hydrogen Fire Detection.78 6.1 Hydrogen Detection .78 6.1.
37、1 General78 6.1.2 GH2Detection Specifications.79 6.1.3 Detection Technologies .79 6.1.4 Hydrogen Detector Installation and Use.80 6.2 Hydrogen Fire Detection Systems .81 6.2.1 Hydrogen Fire Detection 81 6.2.2 Hydrogen Fire Detection Technologies81 6.2.3 Hydrogen Fire Detector Installation and Use .8
38、2 7 Operating Procedures83 7.1 General Policy83 7.1.1 Personnel.83 7.1.2 Standard Operating Procedures 83 7.1.3 Additional Operating Procedures .83 7.1.4 Repairs, Alterations, and Cleaning.83 7.1.5 Modifications, Repairs, or Decommissioning .84 7.1.6 Contamination Control .84 7.1.7 Hazards of Substi
39、tuting Dewars.85 7.1.8 Protective Clothing.86 7.2 Storage and Transfer Procedures86 7.2.1 LH2Off-Loading .86 7.2.2 Purging 86 7.2.3 Loading Operations87 7.2.4 Cooldown of Cryogenic Systems .88 8 Transportation90 8.1 General90 8.1.1 Public Thoroughfare.90 ANSI/AIAA G-095-2004 x8.1.2 Private Thoroughf
40、are .90 8.1.3 DOT Definitions .90 8.2 Transport on Public Thoroughfares90 8.2.1 General90 8.2.2 Training90 8.2.3 Emergency Response91 8.2.4 Transport Requirements for GH2.91 8.2.5 Transportation Requirements for LH291 8.2.6 Security Requirements for Hydrogen Transportation .91 8.3 Transport on Priva
41、tely Controlled Thoroughfare 91 8.3.1 Standard Commercial Operation on Site .91 8.3.2 Noncommercial Equipment and Special Operations92 8.3.3 Guidelines for the Design of Noncommercial Transport Equipment.92 8.3.4 General Operating Procedures 92 8.3.5 Inspection, Certification, and Recertification of
42、 Mobile Vessels .93 8.4 Transportation Emergencies93 8.4.1 Initial Actions93 8.4.2 Emergency Actions93 9 Emergency Procedures .95 9.1 General95 9.1.1 Emergency Action Plan95 9.1.2 Alarm System 95 9.1.3 Incident Management System96 9.1.4 Incident Command System96 9.1.5 Training96 9.2 Types of Emergen
43、cies .96 9.2.1 General96 9.2.2 Controllable Leaks .96 9.2.3 Uncontrollable Leaks .97 9.2.4 Handling Gas Leaks from Cylinders.97 9.2.5 Handling Cylinder Fires97 9.2.6 Hydrogen Spills97 9.3 Assistance in Emergencies98 9.3.1 Fire and Police Departments .98 9.3.2 Site Personnel .98 9.3.3 Security98 ANSI
44、/AIAA G-095-2004 xi9.4 Fire Suppression98 9.4.1 General98 9.4.2 Actions against GH2Fires99 9.4.3 Actions against LH2Fires.99 9.5 First Aid for Cryogenic-Induced Injuries .100 9.5.1 Procedures 100 9.5.2 Training100 9.6 Safeguards for Entering Permit-Required Confined Spaces100 Annex A Figures and Tab
45、les (Informative)102 Annex B Assessment Examples (Informative) 166 Annex C Scaling Laws, Explosions, Blast Effects, and Fragmentation (Informative) 192 Annex D Codes, Standards and Regulations (Informative) .199 Annex E Relief Devices (Informative)218 Annex F Bibliography (Informative) .224 Annex G
46、Index 233 Figures 1 Double-block-and-bleed arrangement63 A1.1 Equilibrium percentage of para-hydrogen vs. temperature .102 A1.2 Enthalpy of normal hydrogen conversion.102 A1.3 Vapor pressure of liquefied para-hydrogen from the triple point to the NBP .103 A1.4 Vapor pressure of LH2from the NBP to cr
47、itical point .103 A1.5 Vapor pressure of normal and para-hydrogen below the triple point104 A1.6 Comparison of density and bulk fluid heat capacity for slush, triple-point liquid, and NBP liquid para-hydrogen105 A1.7 Proposed phase diagram (P-T plane) for solid hydrogen at various ortho-hydrogen mol
48、e fractions . .105 A1.8 Proposed phase diagram (V-T plane) for solid normal hydrogen.106 A1.9 Specific heat (heat capacity) of saturated solid hydrogen107 A1.10 Melting line from triple point to critical point pressure for para-hydrogen .108 A1.11 Sample MSDS for gaseous and liquefied hydrogen.119 A
49、2.1 Flammability limits at a pressure of 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) and a temperature of 298 K (77 F).127 A2.2 Effects of N2, He, and CO2diluents at 298 K (77 F), and H2O diluent at 422 K (300 F) on flammability limits of hydrogen in air at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) .127 A2.3 Effects of halocarbon inhibitors on flammability limits of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures at a pressure of 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) and a temperature of 298 K (77 F) 128 A2.4 Distance for fireball radiation flux induced third degree burns per amount of fuel burned at a thermal radiation intensity of 134 kJ/m2(11.8 Btu/ft2) .128
