1、Recommended PracticeAIAAR-092-1-2003Wind Tunnel Testing Part 1:Management VolumeAIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics andAstronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rightsreserved.AIAA grants you a license as follows: The right to
2、download an electronic file of this AIAAstandard for temporary storage on one computer for purposes of viewing, and/or printingone copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hardcopy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electronic file may not b
3、edistributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print may onlybe distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization.AIAAR-092-1-2003Recommended PracticeWind Tunnel Testing Part 1: ManagementVolumeSponsorAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astro
4、nauticsAbstractThis recommended practice document is the first of a two-part series intended to provide test projectmanagement and practitioners with best practices that maximize the data value of wind tunnel testprojects. Part I help managers understand the impact of decision making before and duri
5、ng thedevelopment of a test project and provides key activities to help improve the timeliness and cost-effectiveness of future wind tunnel test projects. Part II provides those responsible for test execution withbest practices to employ when preparing for and implementing tests.AIAA R-092-1-2003iiL
6、ibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataRecommended practice : wind tunnel testing.p. cm.pt. 1. Management volume - pt. 2. Practitioners volume.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 1-56347-650-9 (v. 1) - ISBN 1-56347-651-7 (Electronic) - ISBN1-56347-652-5 (v. 2) - ISBN 1-56347
7、-653-3 (Electronic)1. Wind tunnels. 2. Aerodynamics-Research-Standards. 3. Windtunnel models-Testing-Standards. I. American Institute of Aeronauticsand Astronautics.TL567.W5R437 2003629.13452-dc222003019165Published byAmerican Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Resto
8、n VA 20191Copyright 2003 American Institute of Aeronautics andAstronauticsAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in electronic retrieval system orotherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.Printed in the United States of America.AIAA R-092-1-
9、2003iiiContentsForeword .v1 Introduction .11.1 History and Background .12 Managing Todays Wind Tunnel Test Programs22.1 Planning Issues in Wind Tunnel Test Programs22.1.1 Test Requirements 22.1.1.1 Integrated Test Programs .22.1.1.2 Test Article Size and Fidelity22.1.1.3 Data and Instrumentation Req
10、uirements 32.1.1.4 Facility Selection.32.1.2 Planning and Scheduling.42.1.3 Special Issues52.1.3.1 Security 52.1.3.2 Contracting and Procurement 52.1.4 Advanced Tools and Technologies52.2 Keys to Managing a Successful Test Program.52.2.1 Program Test Plan.62.2.1.1 Key #1: Establish Goals, Quality, a
11、nd Success Criteria 62.2.1.2 Key #2: Understand Program Considerations62.2.1.3 Key #3: Involve Test Community Early.72.2.2 Detailed Test Planning and Execution72.2.2.1 Key #4: Establish Test Teams72.2.2.2 Key #5: Develop and Execute Detailed Test Plans .92.2.3 Post-Test Activities.92.2.3.1 Key #6: P
12、roject Reviews/Lessons Learned/Feedback 92.2.3.2 Key #7: Documentation 103 Summary. 10Annex A Advanced Tools and Methods for Consideration in Test. 11A.1 Integrating Testing and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) . 11A.2 Rapid Prototype Tools 11A.3 Effective Use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD). 11A.4
13、 Remote-Access Testing . 11A.5 Advanced Instrumentation 12A.6 Model Automation 12A.7 Test Simulation Tools. 13AIAA R-092-1-2003ivAnnex B Subcontracting Mechanisms . 14FiguresFigure 1 Key Activities and Their Alignment to Test Program Phases.6Figure 2 Illustration of a Test Team Structure during Prep
14、aration Activities.8Figure 3 Illustration of a Team Arrangement During Testing8AIAA R-092-1-2003vForewordThe American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) Ground Test Technical Committee (GTTC)began looking at best practices associated with test article development as a way to recommendi
15、mprovements in wind tunnel test efficiency, cost, and cycle time. It became apparent early on that trying toseparate test article development from overall wind tunnel test process was not a productive and usefulactivity. The highly integrated nature of the processes, organizations, and personnel inv
16、olved in windtunnel test programs requires that a broader viewpoint of the wind tunnel test process be evaluated inorder to develop successful techniques and methods. This two-volume effort, “Recommended Practicefor Successful Wind Tunnel Testing,” is the result of that evaluation.Part I was written
17、 to provide test program managers with clear insight into achieving technically focused,affordable, and low-risk test programs to support the development of aerodynamic vehicles andtechnologies. This recommended-practices document will help managers understand the impact ofdecision making before and
18、 during the development of a test program and will provide key activities tohelp improve quality, timeliness, and cost-effectiveness of wind tunnel test programs.Part II provides additional detail about successful methods for personnel who are directly involved indeveloping and executing test progra
19、ms.Neither volume is intended to be a totally comprehensive document on successful wind tunnel testing.Instead, they represent a compilation of best practices to provide a strong foundation for the successfuldevelopment of a test program or test effort. While these practices focus on wind tunnel tes
20、t processes,the information is applicable to many other ground test activities.The GTTC Test Processes Working Group consisted of a diverse group of industry and governmentexperts in the fields associated with wind tunnel testing. During the development of these documents,this group consisted of:Mr.
21、 Mark Melanson, Chairman (Lockheed Martin Aeronautics)Mr. Tom Aiken (NASA Ames Research Center)Mr. Allen Arrington (QSS Group Inc./NASA Glenn Research Center)Mr. Chris Athaide (Tri Models Inc.)Mr. Rene Barakett (Bombardier Aerospace)Mr. Mark Betzina (NASA Ames Research Center)Ms. Jean Bianco (NASA G
22、lenn Research Center)Mr. Jim Brunges Mr. Steve Craft (NASA Langley Research Center)Mr. Roger Crites (Boeing Company, St. Louis)Mr. Drew Hope (NASA Langley Research Center)Mr. Mark Kammeyer (Boeing Company, St. Louis)Mr. Ray Knowis Mr. Dan Marren (AEDC White Oak)Ms. Laura McGill (Raytheon Missiles)Mr
23、. Dave Minto (Holloman High-Speed Test Track)AIAA R-092-1-2003viMr. Michel Ouellette (Bombardier Aerospace)Mr. Barry Price (NASA Langley Research Center)Mr. Al Roberts (Tri Models Inc.)Mr. Matt Ruegers (Boeing Company, St. Louis)Mr. Lew Scherer (Northrop Grumman)Mr. Rob Sheehan (Northrop Grumman)Dr.
24、 Frank Steinle (Sverdrup/Jacobs Engr. at Arnold Engineering DevelopmentCenter)Mr. Bill Straka (Penn State University)Mr. Steven Westmore (Boeing Company, Seattle)Many others also contributed to this document during its development.AIAA Standards Procedures provide that all standards, recommended pra
25、ctices, and guides be advisoryonly. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. In formulating, revising, andapproving standards publications, the Committee on Standards will not consider patents that may apply tothe subject matter. Prospective users of the publications a
26、re responsible for protecting themselvesagainst liability for infringement of patents, copyrights, or both.On the recommendation of the Test Processes Working Group, the following knowledgeable individualsreviewed this document and provided valuable critiques. Approval of the document was unanimous.
27、Mr. Roger Chamberlin (NASA Glenn Research Center)Mr. Rick Crooks (Allied Aerospace Inc.)Mr. Chester DeCesaris, Jr. (BMDO Test Resources)Mr. Ralph Klestadt (Raytheon Missile Systems)Mr. David Miller (NASA Langley Research Center)Mr. Gerald Pounds (Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company)Mr. Kirk Seablom
28、(NASA Glenn Research Center)Mr. Joe Strong (Boeing, Retired)Mr. Jeff Haas (NASA Glenn Research Center)Mr. Robert Voisinet (AEDC White Oak)Mr. Scott Winship (Northrop Grumman)The AIAA Ground Test Technical Committee approved this document (Mr. Allen Arrington, Chairman) inJuly 2002.The AIAA Standards
29、 Executive Council (Phil Cheney, Chairman) accepted this document for publicationin September 2003.AIAA R-092-1-200311 IntroductionWind tunnel testing is a critical component in the development of aerodynamic vehicles and associatedtechnologies. While the time and expense of wind tunnel testing is s
30、ignificant, it is an essential riskreduction tool before progressing air vehicles and technologies to the more expensive, technically riskyflight tests. Decisions made during the evolution and execution of wind tunnel test programs can have far-reaching performance, financial, and schedule implicati
31、ons throughout the life cycle of an air vehicle.Efforts are being made across all air vehicle development activities to reduce technical risk, cost, and cycletime. Since wind tunnel test programs are critical to those development activities, any successfulreductions in wind tunnel risk, cost, or cyc
32、le time can have significant positive impacts on the overall airvehicle program.To accomplish a successful program, managers of wind tunnel test programs must carefully balance thetesting needs (objectives), schedules, and cost of the test program. Activities such as developing testrequirements, tes
33、t articles, test preparation, testing, and analysis require significant resource investmentsand must be carefully managed to accomplish technical goals with minimum resource expenditure.This volume describes the broader aspects of test program development, implementation, andmanagement. It provides
34、managers with a set of tools (key activities) to help navigate and develop abalanced, successful test program.1.1 History and BackgroundWind tunnel testing has been critical to aircraft development since it was first performed by Frank H.Wenham in Great Britain in 1871. Beginning in 1901, the Wright
35、 Brothers utilized a tunnel of their owndesign to increase their understanding of aerodynamic lift and control, which helped them produce thefirst powered aircraft in 1903.In todays highly competitive commercial aviation world, small improvements in aerodynamic performancecan translate into range an
36、d payload gains and, therefore, sales. Wind tunnel testing to develop air vehicleconfigurations involves extensive aerodynamic testing. Loads, flutter, and propulsion interaction testingare also important aspects of test programs. Military air vehicle development may include additional focuson testi
37、ng of broad test envelopes, weapons carriage, and highly integrated propulsion effects.Wind tunnel testing has historically provided the primary ground test mechanism for establishing airvehicle performance prior to committing designs to flying hardware. With increasing emphasis on lower airvehicle
38、development costs and cycle time, people in the test community have been asked to producehigher quality test results, quicker and for less cost.The desire to reduce cycle time (and cost) seemingly necessitates reductions in allotted span time forwind tunnel model design, fabrication, test preparatio
39、n, testing, and test analysis. Unfortunately, thesepressures can negatively affect the quality and cost of test programs. Therefore, it has becomeincreasingly difficult for test service providers to perform test work in a manner that is consistent withschedule pressures (at a minimum cost) while pro
40、viding the quality necessary to ensure a totallysuccessful test program.The tradeoffs between cost, quality, quantity of data, and schedule response, along with the processesemployed during test program activities, are the key focus areas for todays wind tunnel test management.To provide managers wi
41、th the best tools available, it is important to first understand the tradeoffs andtechniques that will yield successful test programs. These techniques include: Understanding technical goals (therefore data needs) before embarking on a test program Getting the right people involved early to minimize
42、 risk and cost (including early selection of thetest facility and test facility personnel)AIAA R-092-1-20032 Managing model and data fidelity to minimize costs and schedules Using a systematic process to develop, plan, and manage test programs Integrating test changes with minimum impact.2 Managing
43、Todays Wind Tunnel Test Programs2.1 Planning Issues in Wind Tunnel Test ProgramsMany significant factors ultimately influence the success of a test program. In the commercial aviationmarket, time-to-market is critical, driving measures of success in the direction of reduced cycle time. Ofcourse, cos
44、t is always of special importance. When developing defense articles, technical issues may beof overriding concern. Despite the potential priority differences for every type of development program,careful attention to the planning issues discussed below will significantly enhance the probability ofsu
45、ccess.Communication is a cornerstone activity within any test program. Early involvement of test communitypersonnel will facilitate the best (and lowest risk) planning. Careful generation and flow down of overallobjectives help the test personnel understand and execute the best possible plan. It is
46、also critical thatmanagement be involved during the test activities to help keep objectives and activities aligned and toencourage the test participants.2.1.1 Test RequirementsTest objectives must be documented and approved before any test-related activities are initiated. Testrequirements must be c
47、learly defined at the beginning of a test program and should be a direct result oftest objectives. These requirements must contain information such as measurements and accuracyneeded, time allotted to conduct test program, resources available (budget, people), security, modelsuppliers, test faciliti
48、es, special contractual issues, etc.2.1.1.1 Integrated Test ProgramsThe project developmental test program should optimize the benefits of flight test, wind tunnel test, andmodeling and analysis (AnnexnobreakspaceA.1, Integration of Testing and Computational Fluid Dynamics).Wind tunnel test programs
49、 often encompass multiple test entries at many different facilities. Efficienciescan often be gained (both schedule and budget) through careful integration across an entire testprogram. Examples of integration include using a single model for both low- and high-speed testing, usingcommon model scales (and potentially, parts) for several model types, and using a single test article toacquire several types of data (e.g., force and pressures), etc. These economies are not without risk, sincetest schedules and goals frequently change, and conflicts can arise. Risk and payo
