1、 MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) 8 February 2010 SUPERSEDING MIL-HDBK-510-1(USAF) 13 November 2008 DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE HANDBOOK AEROSPACE FUELS CERTIFICATION This handbook is for guidance only. Do not cite this document as a requirement. AMSC N/A FSG 91GP DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public releas
2、e; distribution is unlimited. INCH-POUND Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) ii FOREWORD 1. This handbook is approved for use by the Department of the Air Force and is available for use by all Departments and Agencie
3、s of the Department of Defense. 2. This military handbook provides guidance for evaluating and certifying aviation fuels and aviation fuel additives and is consistent with MIL-HDBK-516, Airworthiness Certification Criteria; and MIL-HDBK-514, Operational Safety, Suitability, select Word Options; and
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5、evious View Button and Go To Next View Button can be made available in the toolbar area by right-clicking the Page Navigation toolbar and choosing them on the context menu, or by choosing Show All Tools. 6. Comments, suggestions, or questions on this document should be addressed to ASC/ENRS, 2530 LO
6、OP ROAD WEST, WRIGHT-PATTERSON AFB OH 45433-7101; or emailed to Engineering.Standardswpafb.af.mil. Since contact information can change, you may want to verify the currency of this address information using the ASSIST Online database at http:/assist.daps.dla.mil. Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo repr
7、oduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) iii CONTENTS Paragraph Page 1. SCOPE 1 1.1 Scope 1 1.1.1 Department of Defense energy policy 1 1.1.1.1 U.S. Air Force direction and energy policy 1 1.1.1.2 U.S. Navy energy policy TBD 3 1.1.1.3 U.S. Army energy polic
8、y TBD 3 1.1.2 The certification process .3 1.1.3 Candidate fuel characteristics 4 1.2 Baseline fuels 5 1.2.1 Fundamental fuel characteristics .5 1.2.2 Jet fuel evolution 6 1.2.3 Russian fuel parallel evolution .6 1.3 Alternative fuels .8 1.3.1 Fuel source specification .8 1.3.2 Potential sources for
9、 the Fischer-Tropsch process .8 1.3.3 Applicable alternative fuels 9 1.4 Fuel Additives 9 1.4.1 JP-8 Required Additives .9 1.4.1.1 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII).9 1.4.1.2 Static Dissipater Additives (SDA) 10 1.4.1.3 Corrosion Inhibitor/Lubricity Improver (CI/LI) .10 1.4.1.4 Metal Deactivator Ad
10、ditive (MDA) .10 1.4.1.5 Antioxidants .11 1.4.1.6 Thermal Oxidative Stability Improver (+100) Additive 11 1.4.1.6.1 Extensive testing performed .11 1.4.1.6.2 Equivalent or reduced maintenance 11 2. APPLICABLE DOCUMENTS 12 2.1 General .12 2.2 Government documents 12 2.2.1 Specifications, standards, a
11、nd handbooks 12 2.2.2 Other Government documents, drawings, and publications .13 2.3 Non-Government publications .13 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) iv 3. DEFINITIONS .14 3.1 Alphabetical listing of acronyms and
12、abbreviations 18 4. GENERAL GUIDANCE 22 4.1 Aerospace fuel certification process goals .22 4.2 Primary tasks .22 4.3 Expeditionary fuels 22 4.4 Improved fuels and additives 22 4.5 Fuels from alternative or unconventional resources 22 4.6 Segregation of candidate fuels and additives.23 4.6.1 Certific
13、ation fuel 23 4.6.2 Fleet implementation .23 5. DETAILED REQUIREMENTS 24 5.1 Aerospace fuel certification process .24 5.1.1 Entrance criteria 24 5.1.1.1 Fuel property/characteristic testing .24 5.1.1.2 Material compatibility testing 24 5.1.1.3 Toxicity .24 5.1.1.4 Fire protection and survivability/v
14、ulnerability 24 5.1.1.5 Aircraft propulsion 24 5.1.1.6 Aerospace fuels infrastructure .24 5.1.2 Conduct Subset 1 testing .25 5.1.2.1 Fuel property/characteristic testing .25 5.1.2.2 Material compatibility testing 25 5.1.2.3 Toxicity .25 5.1.2.4 Fire protection and survivability/vulnerability 25 5.1.
15、2.5 Aircraft propulsion 25 5.1.2.6 Aerospace fuels infrastructure .26 5.1.2.7 Conduct Subset 2 testing .26 5.1.2.8 Fuel property/characteristic testing .26 5.1.2.9 Material compatibility testing 26 5.1.2.10 Toxicity .26 5.1.2.11 Fire protection and survivability/vulnerability 26 5.1.2.12 Aircraft pr
16、opulsion 27 5.1.2.13 Aerospace fuels infrastructure .27 5.1.3 Conduct Subset 3 testing .27 5.1.3.1 Fuel property/characteristic testing .27 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) v 5.1.3.2 Material compatibility testing
17、 27 5.1.3.3 Toxicity testing .27 5.1.3.4 Fire protection and survivability/vulnerability 27 5.1.3.5 Aircraft propulsion 28 5.1.3.6 Aerospace fuels infrastructure .28 5.2 Develop initial certification plan 28 5.2.1 Evaluate initial certification plan .28 5.2.2 Finalize certification plan .28 5.2.3 Ex
18、ecute certification plan .28 5.2.4 Share verification data 28 5.2.5 Certify or reject fuel 28 5.2.6 Commercial Derivative Aircraft 29 5.2.6.1 Military fuel with no commercial equivalent 29 5.2.6.2 Military fuel WITH a commercial equivalent .29 5.3 Risk assessment process 31 5.3.1 The AFCO risk asses
19、sment process .32 5.3.1.1 AFCO risk assessment considerations .34 5.3.1.1.1 Business case 34 5.3.1.1.2 Benefits case .34 5.3.1.1.3 Risks and negative impacts .34 5.3.1.1.3.1 Definitions of qualitative impact descriptors 35 5.3.1.1.3.1.1 Minor or low .35 5.3.1.1.3.1.2 Medium .35 5.3.1.1.3.1.3 Major o
20、r high .36 5.3.2 The single manager risk assessment process 36 5.3.2.1 Single manager risk assessment considerations .38 5.3.2.1.1 Business case 38 5.3.2.1.2 Benefits case .38 5.3.2.1.3 Risks and negative impacts .38 5.3.3 The high-level decision authority risk assessment process 39 5.3.3.1 High-lev
21、el decision authority risk assessment considerations .41 5.3.3.1.1 Business case 41 5.3.3.1.2 Benefits case .41 5.3.3.1.3 Risks and negative impacts .41 5.4 Field service evaluation .41 5.4.1 Data collection and evaluation .42 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted with
22、out license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) vi 5.4.2 Pacer programs 42 5.4.3 Teardown inspections 42 5.5 Certification criteria elevation potential .43 6. NOTES .43 6.1 Intended use .43 6.2 Subject term (key word) listing 43 6.3 Changes from previous issue 43 APPENDICES APPENDIX A REQUIREMENTS DE
23、COMPOSITION AND TRACEABILITY .44 APPENDIX B FUEL PROPERTIES/CHARACTERISTIC TESTING 49 APPENDIX C BASELINE AEROSPACE FUEL PROPERTY INFORMATION 61 APPENDIX D EVALUATING THE COMPATIBILITY OF ADDITIVES OR ALTERNATIVE FUELS WITH FUEL SYSTEM MATERIALS 182 APPENDIX E TOXICITY TEST PROTOCOL AND ESOH BASELIN
24、E INFORMATION 212 APPENDIX F FIRE PROTECTION AND SURVIVABILITY/VULNERABILITY 240 APPENDIX G AIRCRAFT PROPULSION FUELS CERTIFICATON PROCESS 260 APPENDIX H AEROSPACE FUELS INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS .269 APPENDIX I RISK ASSESSMENT RESULTS .275 APPENDIX J CERTIFICATION LESSONS LEARNED .277 APPENDIX K
25、ENVIRONMENTAL, SAFETY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 285 APPENDIX L FUEL PROPERTY TRACEABILITY INDEX 299 APPENDIX M EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL CANDIDATE FUELS FOR CERTIFICATION .306 APPENDIX N STREAMLINED CERTIFICATION PROCESS .318 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without l
26、icense from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) vii FIGURES Number Page FIGURE 1. Aerospace fuels certification process . 31 FIGURE 2. AFCO risk assessment process . 33 FIGURE 3. Single manager risk assessment process 37 FIGURE 4. High-level decision authority risk assessment process . 40 FIGURE A-1. Func
27、tional system decomposition 44 FIGURE A-2. Requirements decomposition and traceability 48 FIGURE C-1. Total acid histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS .70 FIGURE C-2. Total acid average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS 70 FIGURE C-3. Aromatic content histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS
28、74 FIGURE C-4. Aromatic content average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS 74 FIGURE C-5. Bulk modulus as a function of fuel temperature for JP-5/JP-8/Jet A/Jet A-1 CRC 2004 . 79 FIGURE C-6. Bulk modulus as a function of fuel pressure for JP-5/JP-8/Jet A/Jet A-1 . 80 FIGURE C-7. Cetane inde
29、x histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 82 FIGURE C-8. Cetane index average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 82 FIGURE C-9. Density histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 87 FIGURE C-10. Density average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS 88 FIGURE C-11. Typical density as a
30、function of temperature CRC, 1983 88 FIGURE C-12. Density versus temperature limitations 89 FIGURE C-13. Thermal expansion CRC 2004 . 90 FIGURE C-14. Dielectric constant as a function of temperature CRC, 2004. 92 FIGURE C-15. Dielectric constant as a function of density CRC World Fuel Survey, 2006.
31、93 FIGURE C-16. Initial boiling point distillation histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 95 FIGURE C-17. 10% Recovered distillation histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 96 FIGURE C-18. 10% Recovered distillation average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 96 FIGURE C-19. 20% Recovered
32、 distillation histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 97 FIGURE C-20. 50% Recovered distillation histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 98 FIGURE C-21. 90% Recovered distillation histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 98 FIGURE C-22. Final boiling point distillation histogram JP-8 (2008) taken fro
33、m PQIS . 99 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) viii FIGURE C-23. Final boiling point distillation average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 99 FIGURE C-24. Fuel conductivity as a function of temperature
34、CRC, 2004 . 102 FIGURE C-25. JP-5 enthalpy data (Courtesy CRC) 105 FIGURE C-26. Existent gum histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 107 FIGURE C-27. Filtration time histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS. 108 FIGURE C-28. Filtration time average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS 2008 109 F
35、IGURE C-29. Fuels flammability limits versus altitude (CRC, 2004) . 112 FIGURE C-30. Fuels flammability limits versus altitude DOT, 1998 . 113 FIGURE C-31. Flash point histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS 115 FIGURE C-32. Flash point average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS 115 FIGURE C-
36、33. Freezing point histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 118 FIGURE C-34. Freezing point average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 118 FIGURE C-35. FSII histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS 120 FIGURE C-36. Gas chromatograph of FT synthetic fuel (Courtesy AFRL, USAF) . 122 FIGURE C-37
37、. Gas chromatograph of JP-8 122 FIGURE C-38. Net heat of combustion histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS 124 FIGURE C-39. Net heat of combustion average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 125 FIGURE C-40. Reserved 126 FIGURE C-41. Hydrogen content histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS .
38、129 FIGURE C-42. Hydrogen content average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 129 FIGURE C-43. Minimum spark ignition energy CRC, 2004 . 133 FIGURE C-44. Fuels flammability limits versus altitude DOT, 1998 . 133 FIGURE C-45. Effect of temperature and altitude on Jet A flammability 136 FIGU
39、RE C-46A. Naphthalenes histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS 135 FIGURE C-46B. Naphthalene average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS 136 FIGURE C-47A. Ostwald coefficient as a function of temperature CRC, 2004 138 FIGURE C-47B. Solubility of in aviation fuels 139 FIGURE C-48. Particulate m
40、atter histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS 141 FIGURE C-49. Particulate matter average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 141 FIGURE C-50. Smoke point histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS 144 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,
41、-,-MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) ix FIGURE C-51. Smoke point average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 145 FIGURE C-52. Specific heat as a function of temperature CRC,2004 146 FIGURE C-53. Mercaptan sulfur histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 149 FIGURE C-54. Mercaptan sulfur average JP-8 (ye
42、ar trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 150 FIGURE C-55. Total sulfur histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 151 FIGURE C-56. Total sulfur average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 152 FIGURE C-57. Typical surface tension characteristics of jet fuel 154 FIGURE C-58. Surface tension as a f
43、unction of temperature CRC, 2004 155 FIGURE C-59. Thermal conductivity as a function of temperature CRC, 2004 . 157 FIGURE C-60. Thermal expansion vs temperature 158 FIGURE C-61. Thermal stability (Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidative Test P) histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS 160 FIGURE C-62. Jet fuel bre
44、ak point distribution CRC World Fuel Survey, 2006 . 160 FIGURE C-63. Vapor pressure as a function of temperature CRC, 2004 . 167 FIGURE C-64. TS-1 Vapor pressure as a function of temperature courtesy Boeing 168 FIGURE C-65. Heat of vaporization as a function of temperature CRC, 2004 . 169 FIGURE C-6
45、6. Velocity of sound versus temperature CRC World Fuel Survey, 2006 171 FIGURE C-67. Viscosity (-20C) histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 173 FIGURE C-68. Viscosity (-20C) average JP-8 (year trend 2001-2008) taken from PQIS . 173 FIGURE C-69. Viscosity as a function of temperature CRC, 2004 . 17
46、4 FIGURE C-70. Water separation index histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS . 177 FIGURE C-71. Water solubility versus temperature for aircraft fuels (CRC, 2004) . 180 FIGURE C-72. Water solubility histogram JP-8 (2008) taken from PQIS 181 FIGURE F-1. Average extinguishment times for mil-spec experi
47、ments 255 FIGURE F-2. Average burnback times for mil-spec experiments .255 FIGURE J-1. Lessons learned selection criteria 280 FIGURE J-2. Droplet spray pattern versus viscosity 283 FIGURE K-1. Environmental impact analysis process 287 FIGURE K-2. Request for environmental impact analysis 289 FIGURE
48、K-3. Change in particle number emissions of TF33 engines burning JP-8 and FT blend .294 FIGURE K-4. Change in particle mass EI for TF33 engines using FT blend relative to JP-8 .295 FIGURE L-1. Index spreadsheet 305 Provided by IHSNot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-MIL-HDBK-510-1A(USAF) x FIGURE M-1. Technology Readiness Levels .311 FIGURE N-1. Streamlined certification process .324 TABLES Number Page TABLE I. Summary of major jet fuel characteristics (additives explained in 1.
