1、 AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4344 USA. All rights reserved. AIAA grants you a license as follows: The right to download an electronic file of this AIAA standard for storage on one compute
2、r for purposes of viewing, and/or printing one copy of the AIAA standard for individual use. Neither the electronic file nor the hard copy print may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print ma
3、y only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. GuideANSI/AIAA G-034A-2014 (Revision of AIAA G-034-1998) Guide to Reference and Standard Ionosphere ModelsANSI/AIAA G-034A-2014 (Revision of G-034-1998) American National Standard Guide to Reference and Standar
4、d Ionosphere Models Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved May 2014 American National Standards Institute Abstract This guide assists in the selection of ionospheric models for engineering design or scientific research. It describes the content of the models, uncert
5、ainties and limitations, technical basis, databases from which the models are formed, publication references, and sources of computer codes for 46 ionospheric models. The models cover the altitude range from the Earths surface to approximately 10,000 kilometers. This guide is intended to assist comm
6、unication and space system designers and developers, geophysicists, space physicists, and climatologists in understanding available models, comparing sources of data, and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different ionospheric models. ANSI/AIAA G-034A-2014 (revision of AIAA G-
7、034-1998) ii Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreem
8、ent has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of Ame
9、rican National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards. The American National Stand
10、ards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute.
11、 Requests for interpretations should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that act
12、ion be taken to affirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of approval. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Published by American Institute of
13、 Aeronautics and Astronautics 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright 2014 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission
14、of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-64210-270-7 American National Standard ANSI/AIAA G-034A-2014 (revision of AIAA G-034-1998) iii Contents Foreword . v 1 Scope . 1 2 USU Time-Dependent Model of the Global Ionosphere 5 3 NCAR Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics G
15、eneral Circulation Model (TIE-GCM) 7 4 Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere Model (CTIM) . 10 5 Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Plasmasphere Model (CTIP) . 12 6 AFRL Global Theoretical Ionospheric Model (GTIM) . 13 7 Parameterized Ionospheric Model (PIM) . 15 8 International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), 1
16、996 17 9 Empirical Model of the Ionosphere (EMI) . 20 10 The Sheffield University Plasmasphere-Ionosphere Model (SUPIM) 22 11 The Field Line Interhemispheric Plasma Model . 25 12 Global Assimilation of Ionospheric MeasurementsFull Physics (GAIM-FP) 28 13 Global Assimilation of Ionospheric Measuremen
17、tsGauss-Markov (GAIM-GM) . 30 14 JPL/USC GAIM: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory/University of Southern California Global Assimilative Ionospheric Model 33 15 Ionosphere Forecast Model (IFM) 35 16 Ionosphere-Plasmasphere Model (IPM) 37 17 Ionosphere-Polar Wind Model (IPWM) 39 18 Ionosphere-Polar Wind-PI
18、C (IPW-PIC) Model . 41 19 Thermosphere-Ionosphere Forecast Model (TIFM) . 43 20 NRL SAMI2/SAMI3 Models 45 21 Texas Reconfigurable Ionosphere-Plasmasphere Logarithmic Data Assimilator (TRIPL-DA) 46 22 Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four-Dimensional (IDA4D) 48 23 Incoherent Scatter Radar Ionospheric Mo
19、dels (ISRIMs) . 51 24 Probabilistic Topside Ionosphere Model 54 25 Algebraic Model . 56 26 Numerical Model of D-Region Ion Chemistry, 1995 58 27 Solar EUV and Chemistry Model . 62 28 AFRL Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck Model for the Daytime Lower Ionosphere . 65 29 AFRL Transport Model for the Electron-Pro
20、ton-Hydrogen Atom Aurora . 67 30 Two-Cell Ionospheric Convections Model 70 31 Heppner-Maynard Electric Field Models 72 32 Millstone Hill Empirical Electric Field Model, 1986 75 33 APL High-Latitude Convection Model 77 ANSI/AIAA G-034A-2014 (revision of AIAA G-034-1998) iv 34 Weimer Electric Potentia
21、l, Current, and Joule Heating Models . 80 35 The Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) 83 36 HWM Empirical Wind Model 86 37 Global Empirical Models of Te88 38 Empirical Model of the Ionospheric Electron and Ion Temperatures . 90 39 Photochemical Equilibrium Model for Ionospheric
22、 Conductivity 93 40 Empirical Model of Conductivities 94 41 Auroral Electron and Ion Fluxes . 96 42 WBMOD Ionospheric Scintillation Model (NWRA), 1995 . 98 43 PBMOD Time-Dependent Model of the Global Low-Latitude Ionosphere and Radio Scintillation . 101 44 FIRST: Forecasting Ionospheric Real-Time Sc
23、intillation Tool (NOAA, CIRES) 104 45 Model of the Trough in the High-Latitude F-Layer . 106 46 GPS Eight-Coefficient TEC Model . 108 47 The CPI TEC Model . 110 List of Tables Table 1 Summary of reference and standard ionospheres 1 Table 2 IRI model uncertainties for D, E, and F region parameters 17
24、 Table 3 Local climatology for ISR sites 51 ANSI/AIAA G-034A-2014 (revision of AIAA G-034-1998) v Foreword This Guide to Reference and Standard Ionosphere Models is sponsored by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) as part of its Standards Program. The proliferation of ionos
25、pheric models and the lack of documentation have hindered general knowledge of their availability as well as their relative strengths, weaknesses, and limitations. The intent of this guide is to compile, in one reference, practical information about known and available ionospheric modelsthose that d
26、escribe the physical properties and practical effects of the ionosphere as a function of altitude, latitude, and other key parameters. At this writing, the included models are those intended for general purpose, scientific, or aerospace applications and therefore extend to heights ranging from 50 to
27、 10,000 km. Dynamical models of the ionosphere are included in this guide, as the dynamics are essential to many applications. The guide summarizes the principal features of the models: Model content Model uncertainties and limitations Basis of the model Database or model input parameters Publicatio
28、n references Dates of development, authors, and sponsors Model codes and sources. The models are grouped according to whether they describe primarily global, regional, or special properties. There is limited information on standard deviations from the mean values or frequencies of occurrence of some
29、 of the variables described by these models. This limits quantitative assessments of uncertainties. Correlation distances for electron densities, and statistics on scintillation are well defined. These and other statistics are discussed in the body of the guide. Candidates for inclusion in this guid
30、e have been solicited by means of advertisements in publications including announcements at national and international meetings of URSI, IAGA, AGU, COSPAR, AIAA, and scientific community newsletters. This collection of models is not exhaustive. It is hoped that future editions will include additiona
31、l models from the international community. We are indebted to those authors who submitted their models for inclusion, to those who offered valuable advice, to Jared Fulgham for notable assistance, and to the editors/reviewers: W. Kent Tobiska (Editor), Robert W. Schunk, Herbert C. Carlson, and Ludge
32、r Scherliess. The first revision was prepared and approved in 1998. The second revision was initiated in 2010 and approved in March 2014 by the AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Committee on Standards (ASE CoS). At the time this document was balloted, the AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environment
33、s CoS included the following members: W. Kent Tobiska, Chair Space Environment Technologies Harold E. Addy NASA Glenn Research Center Bill Atwell The Boeing Company Andy Broeren NASA Glenn Research Center Donald Cook The Boeing Company ANSI/AIAA G-034A-2014 (revision of AIAA G-034-1998) vi Jack E. E
34、hernberger Consultant Dale C. Ferguson Air Force Research Laboratory Henry B. Garrett Jet Propulsion Laboratory Glynn Germany Ball Aerospace Nelson W. Green Jet Propulsion Laboratory Hassan A. Hassan North Carolina State University Dale L. Johnson NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Retired Delores J
35、. Knipp University of Colorado, Boulder Shu T. Lai Air Force Research Laboratory Christopher Mertens NASA Langley Research Center Joseph Minow NASA Marshall Space Flight Center John J. Murray NASA Langley Research Center Jerry Owens NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Retired Ludger Scherliess Utah S
36、tate University Robert Schunk Utah State University Fred Slane Space Infrastructure Foundation William W. Vaughan University of Alabama in Huntsville David J. Youker General Electric Aviation NOTE The cooperation of all those who provided input, both for the updates and new entries, is sincerely app
37、reciated. Without their contributions, this significant revision of the AIAA Guide to Reference and Standard Ionosphere Models would not have been possible. The ASE CoS acknowledges the following individuals who contributed to this guide: William H. Bauman, Craig D. Fry, Mike Newchurch, Fred Proctor
38、, Andrew Shapiro, and John Wise. This 2014 revision of Guide to Reference and Standard Ionosphere Models contains updated information on several models relative to information on references, sources, and so forth. In addition, a few of the models in the previous edition that are now obsolete have be
39、en replaced with updated versions. The model for which updated information is provided is the NCAR Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIE-GCM). Some new models that have been added include the following: 1. The Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE
40、) 2. Global Assimilation of Ionospheric MeasurementsFull Physics (GAIM-FP) 3. Global Assimilation of Ionospheric MeasurementsGauss-Markov (GAIM-GM) 4. JPL/USC GAIM: The Jet Propulsion Laboratory/University of Southern California Global Assimilative Ionospheric Model 5. Ionosphere Forecast Model (IFM
41、) 6. Ionosphere-Plasmasphere Model (IPM) ANSI/AIAA G-034A-2014 (revision of AIAA G-034-1998) vii 7. Ionosphere-Polar Wind Model (IPWM) 8. Ionosphere-Polar Wind-PIC (IPW-PIC) 9. Thermosphere-Ionosphere Forecast Model (TIFM) 10. NRL SAMI2/SAMI3 Models 11. Texas Reconfigurable Ionosphere-Plasmasphere-L
42、ogarithmic Data Assimilator (TIPL-DA) 12. Weimer Electric Potential, Current, and Joule Heating Models 13. Incoherent Scatter Radar Ionospheric Models (ISRIMs) 14. Probabilistic Topside Ionosphere Model 15. PBMOD Time-Dependent Model of the Global Low-Latitude Ionosphere and Radio Scintillation NOTE
43、 Every attempt has been made to obtain information from modelers in the community. However, ASETC CoS is aware that new models may have recently been developed and older models exist but may not have been incorporated into this document. We appreciate any information that could lead to reporting of
44、models that are not included here. The AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Committee on Standards (W. Kent Tobiska, Chairperson) approved this document for publication in March 2014. The AIAA Standards Executive Council (Laura McGill, Chairperson) accepted this document for publication in April
45、2014. The AIAA Standards Procedures provide that all approved Standards, Recommended Practices, and Guides are advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. There is no agreement to adhere to any AIAA standards publication and no commitment to conform to or b
46、e guided by a standards report. In formulating, revising, and approving standards publications, the Committees on Standards will not consider patents, which may apply to the subject matter. Prospective users of the publications are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringe
47、ment of patents or copyrights, or both. ANSI/AIAA G-034A-2014 (revision of AIAA G-034-1998) 1 1 Scope This guide describes the content of the models, uncertainties and limitations, technical basis, databases from which the models are formed, publication references, and sources of computer codes for
48、46 ionospheric models (see Table 1). The models cover the altitude range from the Earths surface to approximately 10,000 km. It is intended to assist communication and space system designers and developers, geophysicists, space physicists, and climatologists in understanding available models and com
49、paring sources of data, and interpreting engineering and scientific results based on different ionospheric models. Table 1 Summary of reference and standard ionospheres Model (Page No.) Geographic Region Altitude Range (km) Parameters Species Included Temporal Variation Output Data Pre-sentation Principal Application USU (5) global 901000 Ne, Ni, Te, Ti|, Ti, ue, uiNO+, O2+, N2+, N+, O+, H+10100 sec 3D grid scientific studies NCAR/ TIE-GCM (7) global 97500 Tn, Ti, Te, neutrals U, V, W CO2, O, O2, N(4S), N(2D), O+, O2+, NO+, Ne(cm-3) 120 sec tables, plots
