1、 i Guide ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 (Revision of AIAA G-095-2004) American National Standard Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems AIAA standards are copyrighted by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 200, Reston, VA 20191-5807 USA.
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3、nt may be reproduced in any way. In addition, the electronic file may not be distributed elsewhere over computer networks or otherwise. The hard copy print may only be distributed to other employees for their internal use within your organization. ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 i ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 (Revis
4、ion of AIAA G-095-2004) American National Standard Guide Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems Sponsored by American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approved 30 October 2017 American National Standards Institute Approved 11 December 2017 Abstract This Guide presents information
5、that designers, builders, and users of hydrogen systems can use to ensure safe hydrogen systems or resolve hydrogen hazards. Guidance is provided on general safety systems and controls, usage, personnel training, hazard management, design, facilities, detection, storage, transportation, and emergenc
6、y procedures. Pertinent research is summarized, and supporting data are presented relative to the topic. Additional information regarding codes, standards, and regulations, as well as a sample safety data sheet, extensive bibliography, and other useful material can be found in the annexes. ANSI/AIAA
7、 G-095A-2017 ii Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria have been met by the standards developer. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agr
8、eement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. The use of
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13、 of Aeronautics and Astronautics 12700 Sunrise Vally Drive, Reston, VA 20191 Copyright 2017 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permissi
14、on of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-1-62410-519-7 American National Standard ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 iii Contents Foreword x Introduction xii Trademarks . xiii 1 Scope 1 Purpose 1 Applicability 1 Application . 1 Responsibility . 1 Exclusions 2 Guidance on Administrati
15、on . 2 2 Applicable Documents 2 Applicable Codes and Standards 3 Additional Documents 6 3 Vocabulary 6 Acronyms and Abbreviated Terms 6 Terms and Definitions 9 4 Basic Hydrogen Safety Guidelines . 15 General 15 Hydrogen Usage 15 Personnel Training . 15 Inherent Safety Features . 17 Controls 17 Fail-
16、Safe Design 17 Safety Assessment and Mishap Reporting 18 5 Properties and Hazards of Hydrogen . 18 Hydrogen Properties and Usage Hazards . 18 Atomic and Molecular Properties . 20 Thermophysical Properties 22 Characteristic Behaviors of Hydrogen . 23 Combustion-Related Properties 27 Hydrogen Hazards
17、. 51 6 Materials for Hydrogen Service 67 ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 iv Considerations for Materials Selection 67 Hydrogen Embrittlement 72 Thermal Considerations in Material Selection . 77 7 Hydrogen Facilities . 78 Safety Policy 78 Safety Reviews 79 General Facility Guidelines 81 Buildings and Test Cham
18、bers 85 Control Rooms . 87 Location and QD Guidelines 88 Exclusion Areas . 92 Protection of Hydrogen Systems and Surroundings . 93 Fire Protection . 95 Documentation, Tagging, and Labeling of Storage Vessels, Piping, and Components 97 Instrumentation and Monitoring . 98 Examination, Inspection, and
19、Recertification . 99 8 Hydrogen Storage Vessels, Piping, and Components . 101 General Requirements . 101 Storage Vessels . 102 Piping Systems 106 Components 109 Overpressure Protection of Storage Vessels and Piping Systems . 116 Hydrogen Vent and Flare Systems 118 Contamination 123 Vacuum System . 1
20、24 Liquid Hydrogen Pumping . 126 9 Hydrogen and Hydrogen Fire Detection . 126 Hydrogen Detection . 126 Hydrogen Fire Detection Systems . 131 10 Operating Procedures . 134 General Policy . 134 Storage and Transfer Procedures . 138 11 Transportation . 143 ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 v General 143 Transport
21、on Public Thoroughfares . 144 Transport on Privately Controlled Thoroughfare . 145 Transportation Emergencies 146 12 Emergency Procedures 147 General 147 Types of Emergencies . 148 Assistance in Emergencies 151 Fire Suppression 152 First Aid for Cryogenic-Induced Injuries 153 Safeguards for Entering
22、 Permit-Required Confined Spaces . 154 Annex A Bibliography (Informative) . 155 Annex B Codes, Standards and Regulations (Informative) 166 B.1 General 166 B.2 Pressure Vessel Codes and Standards 166 B.3 Codes and Standards for Pressure Piping 168 B.3.2 ASME B31.12, Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines 169
23、B.3.3 ASME B31.3, Process Piping (formerly, Chemical Plant and Petroleum Refinery Piping) . 169 B.3.4 CGA G5.4, Standard for Hydrogen Piping Systems at Consumer Locations . 170 B.4 Standards and Regulations for the Commercial, Industrial, and Non-Propellant Use of Hydrogen 170 B.4.1 NFPA 2, NFPA 55,
24、 and NFPA 50A and NFPA 50B 170 B.4.1.1 General 170 B.4.1.2 NFPA 50A, Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites 171 B.4.1.3 NFPA 50B, Liquefied Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites . 172 B.4.2 Code of Federal Regulations 172 B.4.2.1 Title 29 Labor . 172 B.4.2.2 29 CFR 1910.103, Hydrogen 173 B.5 Standa
25、rd for the Propellant Use of Liquefied Hydrogen . 174 B.5.1 General . 174 B.5.2 Hazards Addressed 174 B.5.3 Protection for Personnel and Property . 175 B.5.4 Construction Criteria . 176 B.5.5 QD and Siting . 176 ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 vi B.5.5.1 General 176 B.5.5.2 QD Requirements for Energetic Liqui
26、ds 177 Annex C Figures and Tables (Informative) 186 C.1 Hydrogen Physical Data . 186 C.2 Metals Data 216 C.3 Hydrogen Gaseous and Liquid Non-Propellant QD Information 221 Annex D Training Guidance 225 Annex E Safety Data Sheet (SDS) (Informative) 229 E.1 Gaseous Hydrogen 229 E.2 Liquid HydrogenCryog
27、enic Liquid 239 Annex F Hazard Assessment Examples (Informative) . 252 F.1 Example 1: Calculation of the Pressure Rise With Temperature for Both LH2 and SLH2 252 F.2 Example 2: Analysis of Heat Leak on LH2 and Ortho-to-Para Conversion and Resulting Effects on SLH2 Systems 254 F.3 Example 3: Detonati
28、on of GH2 With Air/Oxygen 257 F.4 Example 4: Deflagration of Hydrogen With Air/Oxygen . 257 F.5 Example 5: Dispersion of Hydrogen Release . 258 F.6 Example 6: Amount of Solid Insulation (not Vacuum) Required for a Specified Test Line 261 F.7 Example 7: Calculation for Siting an LH2 Storage Dewar 265
29、 F.8 Example 8: Analysis of a Pressure Relief Valve for a Cryogenic Storage Vessel . 267 0.00024in2lbmH20*771.1gal H2O*1ft37.48 gal*62.2lbmft3 null 1.54in2 270 F.9 Example 9: Analysis of a Hydrogen Vent/Flare System . 271 F.10 Example 10: Purging a Hydrogen System . 272 F.11 Example 11: Analysis of
30、the Heat Leak Into a LH2 or SLH2 Transfer Line and Analysis of the Quantity of LH2 Consumed to Cool the Transfer Line 274 Annex G Scaling Laws, Explosions, Blast Effects, and Fragmentation (Informative) . 277 G.1 Scaling Laws . 277 G.2 Types of Explosions 278 G.2.1 Explosions in Buildings 278 G.2.2
31、Tank Ruptures . 278 G.2.3 Vapor Cloud Explosions 279 G.2.4 Ground-Handling System Explosions . 280 G.3 Characteristics of Fragments 280 G.4 Effects of Barricades on Blast Waves . 281 ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 vii G.5 Estimates of Explosive Yields from Compressed Gas Bursts 281 G.5.1 Compressed Gas Burst
32、s 281 G.6 Degrees of Hazard 283 G.7 Additional Guidelines 284 Annex H Relief Devices (Informative) 285 H.1 General 285 H.2 Rupture Disks 286 H.3 Capacity Rating of Relief Devices . 286 H.4 Recommended Principles . 289 List of Tables Table 1 Temperature and pressure resulting from combustion of a giv
33、en amount of hydrogen and oxidizer in a specific volume . 28 Table 2 Flammability limits of hydrogen . 33 Table 3 Flammability limitsa34 Table 4 Hydrogen air flammabilitya35 Table 5 Hydrogenoxygen flammabilitya35 Table 6 Effects of diluentsaon flammable range for hydrogen in airb37 Table 7 Inhibitor
34、 for extinction of hydrogen diffusion flamesa. 39 Table 8 Minimum ignition energy . 40 Table 9 Detonati on overpressures . 49 Table 10 Comparison of relative maximum overpressure by combustion mechanism (assuming near stoichiometric mixtures at initial conditions of 298 K, 1 atm) 49 Table 11 Potenti
35、al ignition sources . . 52 Table 12 Critical radiant flux levelsa. 54 Table 13 Effect of oxygen defic ient atmosphere depletion 58 Table 14 Effects of thermal radiation exposure 59 Table 15 Health effects due to exposure to overpressure . 61 Table 16 Hydrogen accidentsindustriala. 62 Table 17 Hydrog
36、en ac cidentsammonia plantsa63 Table 18 Hydrogen accidentsaerospacea. 63 Table 19 Summary of material compatibility for hydrogen servi ce . 68 Table 20 A selection of recommended materials for typical app lications 69 Table 21 Typical characteris tics of hydrogen embrittlement typesa. 74 Table 22 Or
37、der of prefe rence for location of GH2 storage systems a, b89 Table 23 Order of prefe rence for location of LH2 storage systems a, b, c. 90 Table 24 Sensitivity lim its of hydrogen detectorsa128 Table 25 Typical hydrogen gas detectors . . 128 Table 26 Typical hydrogen fire detectors a. 132 Table 27
38、Summary of liquef ied hydrogen spill data . 150 List of Figures Figure 1 Equilibrium percentage of parahydrogen vs. temperatu re (McCarty et al., 1981). 21 ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 viii Figure 2 - Hydrogen spectra showing relative emission strength as a function of wavelength in nanometers (Woods, 2013
39、). . 29 Figure 3 - Intensity calibrated irradiance from hydrogen flames for UV/visible/near-IR emissions (Arens, et al., 2014). 30 Figure 4 Irradiance of common sources (Rosen, Dayan, and Proffitt, 1970). 31 Figure 5 Atmospheric IR transmi ssion and hydrogen-air-flame emission (Rosen, Dayan, and Pro
40、ffitt 1970). . 31 Figure 6 Ignition energy and flammability limits. 33 Figure 7 Flammability limits a t a pressure of 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) and a temperature of 298 K (77 F) (Coward and Jones, 1952; Payman and Titman, 1936). 37 Figure 8 Effects of N 2, He, and CO2 diluents at 298 K (77 F), and H2O d
41、iluent at 422 K (300 F) on flammability limits of hydrogen in air at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) (Coley and Field, 1973; Coward and Jones, 1952; Jones and Perrott, 1927). . 38 Figure 9 Effects of halocarbon inhibitors on flammability lim its of hydrogen-oxygen mixtures at a pressure of 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi
42、a) and a temperature of 298 K (77 F) (McHale, Geary, von Elbe, and Huggett, 1971). 38 Figure 10 The effect of hydro gen concentration on burning velocity for hydrogenair mixtures at 298 K (77 F) and 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) (Lewis and von Elbe, 1961; Liu and MacFarlane, 1983). . 42 Figure 11 Minimum di
43、mensions of GH 2-air mixtures for detonation at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) and 298 K (77 F) (Lee, Kynstantus, Guirao, Benedick, and Shepherd, 1982). 45 Figure 12 Smoked foil record o f cell structure (diamond patterns etched in soot as detonation progresses from left to right). . 46 Figure 13 Detonation
44、cell widths for hydrogenair mixtures at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psia) (Lee, Kynstantus, Guirao, Benedick, and Shepherd, 1982). . 47 Figure 14 Minimum initiation energy for direct detonation of hydrogenair mixtures (Lee, Kynstantus, Guirao, Benedick, and Shepherd, 1982). . 47 Figure 15 Variation in distanc e
45、 from a hydrogen fire for a thermal radiation exposure of 2 cal/cm2deposited over a duration of 10 seconds (Zabetakis and Burgess 1961). 60 Figure 16 Distance for fireball radiation flux induced third-degree burns per amount of hydrogen fuel burned at a thermal radiation intensity of 134 kJ/m2 (11.8
46、 But/ft2) (Siegel and Howell, 1971). 60 Figure 17 Radiation intensity as a function of exposure time or escape time (Kent 1964). . 61 Figure 18 General mishap causes (Ordin 1974). . 64 Figure 19 Detailed mishap causes (Ordin 1974). . 64 Figure 20 Elements of h ydrogen control. . 66 Figure 21 Classif
47、ication of hydrogen environment embrittlemen t (HEE), internal hydrogen embrittlement (IHE), and hydrogen reaction embrittlement (HRE). . 73 Figure 22 Double-block- and-bleed arrangement. 109 Figure 23 Flame dip as a functi on of stack diameter and hydrogen flow (Grumer, Strasser, Singer, Gussey, an
48、d Rowe, 1970). . 120 ANSI/AIAA G-095A-2017 ix Figure 24 Blowout and stable flame region (Grumer, Strasser, Singer, Gussey, and Rowe, 1970). . 121 Figure 25 Flame shape in cro sswinds (Brzustowski, Gollahalli, and Sullivan 1975; Ordin and Carter, 1980). . 122 Figure 26 Flame components. 133 Figure 27
49、 Minimum flow rate fo r nonstratified, two-phase hydrogen and nitrogen flow for pipeline fluid qualities below 95% and 98%. . 141 Figure 28 Liquid hydrogen flow r ate limits to avoid excessive cooldown stresses in thick-wall piping sections such as flanges for 304 SS and 6061 Al. . 142 Figure 29 Liquid nitrogen flow rate limits to avoid excessive cooldown stresses in thick-wall piping sections such as flanges for 304 SS and 6061 Al. . 142 F.6 Example 6: Amou
