1、 AIIM MSLLL 94 LOL2348 0500435 8T3 ANSI/AIIM MS111-1994 Practice for hlicrofilming Printed Newspapers on 35mm Roll hlicrofilm O Standard February 8, 1994 e m m AIM Association for Information and Image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue. Suite 1100 Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-5603 Te I ep hone 301 /587-
2、8202 7 COPYRIGHT Association for Information in fact, lower reduction ratios are generally preferred to higher ones. Knowledge of the maximum feasible reduction ratio permits selection of the image orientation and actual reduction ratio for film- ing. See Table 1, Maximum dimensions for material to
3、be filmed, which is a guide for filming common size newspaper pages at seven reduction ratios in any of the four standard image orientations. Image orientation and reduction ratios may be changed during filming, but such changes should be made only 1:12 1:14 1:16 1:18 1 :20 1 :22 1 :24 381 .O0 533.4
4、0 (15.00) (21 .o01 444.50 622.30 (17.50) (24.50) 508.00 71 1.20 (20.00) (28.00) 571.50 800.1 O (22.50) (31.50) 635.00 889.00 (25.00) (35.00) 698.50 977.90 (27.50) (38.50) 762.00 1,066.80 (30.00) (42.00) *Maximum reduction to be determined by the Quality Index method. See ANSUAIIM MS23. t Figures in
5、parentheses are given in inches. tC (maximum) is based on the aperture width (31.75 rnm or 1.25 inches) in commercially available cameras. C refers to the length of that side of a newspaper page which is to be oriented across the width of the film. L refers to the length of that side of a page which
6、 is to be oriented along the length of the film. (Compare to Figure 1 .) S S S -+I- -+I- -1-1- L 4 + 4 I* w I. - L I- 1 A 1-1 (i I I / - B t IA IB I IA IIB Figure 1 - Image orientation 3 COPYRIGHT Association for Information they include oversize supplements and issues having large fold-out pages. S
7、ee figure 2, Sectional se- quences, for sequencing sections of large documents. Im- ages at new reduction ratios should always be preceded by a target showing the new reduction ratio, or they should include a scale, placed so that no textual, graph- ic, or pictorial information is obscured, from whi
8、ch the new reduction ratio can be determined. Pages should be placed on the copy board and illumi- nated so that all textual, graphic, or pictorial informa- tion will be in focus and within the field of view of the lens. In general, lines of type within the text should be at right angles to the edge
9、 of the film in positions IA and IIA or parallel with the edge of the film in positions IB and IIB. See figure 1, Image orientation. For languages reading from right to left and for other variations from the usual western language arrangement, pages should be positioned to allow for the normal and 2
10、 4 logical progression from the readers point of view. This is accomplished by positioning the camera head so that the progression of exposed film reflects the progression of text (see figure 3, Filming positions for publications in oriental versus western-style pagination). Note that when filming m
11、aterials printed in languages reading from right to left in position IB and IIB, the camera head usual- ly is rotated BO0 from the Western IIB position. For ex- ample, with the camera head in the Oriental IIB position, the start target and the bibliographic target are filmed in the usual sequence, p
12、age #1 of a right-to-left reading publication is placed on the left side of the copy board and exposed in a single frame; for the next frame, page #2 is placed on the right side of the copy board and page #3 to the left side, and so on. Positioning the camera head and material in this manner usually
13、 will result in a film image similar to the one illustrated as Oriental Style IIB in. (Generally, if the camera head remains in a Western position to film right-to-left reading materi- als in IIB position, the resulting images will appear up- side down.) Figure 2 - Sectional sequences 4 COPYRIGHT As
14、sociation for Information (2) if different from (l), the name of the organization that performed the film- ing and the name of the organization that will maintain the archival master and any printing masters; and (3) the year of filming. Optional information includes: (1) a list of the standards and
15、 specifications under which the film was produced and under which it is intended to be stored; (2) histori- cal background information about the newspaper and the program, if any, under which it is being filmed; (3) in- formation on restrictions pertaining to reproduction and use of the film; (4) in
16、formation about different editions being filmed (intercollation scheme); (5) information in- dexes for the newspaper (see section 6.4 on miscellane- ous targets); and (6) if different from the organization responsible for filming, information on the location of the newspaper, i.e., the place where t
17、he paper copy origi- nal, if retained, is kept. 6.2.2 Secondary bibliographic target If the material covered by the primary bibliographic target extends over more than one reel, a secondary bibliographic target in- dicating the contents of each separate reel shall be filmed immediately following the
18、 primary bibliographic tar- get(s). See target 4 of figure 4, Sample targets. 6.3 Technical target A technical target, described in ANSUAIIM MS23 and section 9.3, Resolving power, should appear following the last bibliographic target. See target 5 of figure 4, Sample targets, and figure 6, Arrangeme
19、nt of technical target for planetary camera microfilming. 6.4 Miscellaneous targets Where it has not been possible to acquire items needed to fill gaps or correct other imperfections prior to film- ing and where it is not practical to insert film of subse- quently acquired items into proper place by
20、 splicing, a full list of imperfections should appear on a target that follows the bibliographic target(s). See target 6 of figure 4, Sample targets. With this, include a policy statement regarding the treatment of items that may be acquired subsequent to filming and that cannot be spliced-in (e.g.,
21、 whether they appear on subsequent reels or as sup- plementary images that have been spliced onto the be- ginning or end of the same reel). See section 9.5, Retakes. 3032348 0500445 742 Where issues, sections, or pages of variant editions have been acquired to fill gaps or correct other imperfection
22、s, the variant editions would be identified by an appropri- ate target. Where possible, a target should be used to show that the edition filmed is an indexed edition or is definitely known not to be an indexed edition. Miscellaneous information targets may appear either directly before or directly a
23、fter the technical target. They need not be legible without magnification. A target composed in letters that, in the filmed image, are at least 2.0 mm (0.08 inch) high should be used to introduce discrete bibliographic units of the newspaper (e.g., each issue). See target 7 of figure 4, Sample tar-
24、gets. A commonly used method of targeting bibliographic units is to include a date strip in each frame. Depending upon newspaper size and reduction ratio used, the strip can be positioned at the side or at the bottom of the pages being photographed. Targets concerning missing pages or issues and oth
25、er defects should be used as needed. See targets 8 through 12 of figure 4, Sample targets. All targets should be as specific and informative as is practical, and ail should be composed in letters that, in the filmed image, are at least 2.0 mm (0.08 inch) high. Where the amount of in- formation is to
26、o extensive to be conveyed in letters of this height, the text of the target may be in letters that cannot be read without magnification, and a heading (such as the word “NOTE”) may be composed in letters that, in the filmed image, are at least 2.0 mm (0.08 inch) high. These targets should be placed
27、 immediately be- fore the defect to which they refer, and the information shown on them should correspond to the information in the defects summary target. See target 6 of figure 4, Sam- ple targets. 7 Film type A fine-grained, unperforated, polyester-based, silver- gelatin panchromatic emulsion mic
28、rofilm capable of high resolution should be used. Only safety microfilm (as defined in ANSI IT9.6) should be used. The film stock should meet the requirements of ANSI IT9.1. 8 Filming and processing The filming and processing steps are no less important than the preparation steps, and as much care s
29、hould be taken in these procedures as was taken in the prepara- tion of the file for filming. Reasonable care should be taken when photographing uncut newspapers in the 2B format so that the pages do not move during exposure. Such movement will create various degrees of an out of focus condition whi
30、ch normally shows up at the lefthand side of the left page. 7 COPYRIGHT Association for Information however, greater exposure may be required when using this method. During the filming, frequent light meter readings should be taken, particularly when the color or shading of pages changes noticeably,
31、 and the light intensity should be ad- justed as necessary to maintain a constant level of reflect- ed light. Standard filters may be used to compensate for colored inks, colored paper, or stains in the original material. 8.2 Processing The exposed film shall be processed for maximum longe- vity acc
32、ording to the manufacturers processing instruc- tions. Developers designed to produce stained or colored images and so-called hypo eliminators that contain ox- idizing agents shall not be used; however, hypo-clearing agents may be used if they do not contain oxidizing agents. See section 9.4, Residu
33、al thiosulfate ion test. 9 Inspection of the film Procedures given in section 8, Inspection and Testing, of ANSUAIIM MS23 shall be followed, as applicable, for the inspection of processed film. 9.1 General All processed film should be inspected as soon as pos- sible after processing has been complet
34、ed. Inspection shall be performed frame by frame to determine whether all photographic and physical requirements have been met and whether all pages have been filmed and appear in proper sequence. During the inspection, extreme care should be taken to ensure that the film is not scratched or marked
35、with fingerprints. An example of a photo- graphic defect that is somewhat isolated to the filming of uncut newspapers, in the IIB format, is out of focus text due to page movement during camera exposure. 9.2 Density Film should be inspected throughout for adequate visual contrast. Using a densitomet
36、er, background density read- ings should be taken every few meters or where there is a noticeable density change. Acceptable background density levels depend on the color of the pages being filmed and the characteristics of the textual, graphic, or pictorial information they contain. Gross backgroun
37、d density readings should fall between 0.80 and 1.20 with an aim point of 1.00 for newspapers of average text quality and contrast. Where practical, lower density ranges should be favored over higher ones in order to accom- modate the production of readedprinter and enlargement prints. See ANSI/AIIM
38、 MS23, Section 5.1.4., Back- ground densities in negative-appearing silver-gelatin camera microfilm. The background and line density differences should be great enough to ensure adequate reproduction of posi- tive, service-copy images in reader printers. The back- ground density of all images should
39、 be sufficiently uniform that, when making copies, no information will be lost because of excessive density differences among the images. The density variation within a frame should not vary more than 0.10 for single page filming and 0.15 for double page filming. The legibility of the images should
40、be such that all information that was on the origi- nal will appear with equal fidelity on film. 9.3 Resolving power The resolving power measurement is used to determine the ability of a camera/film system to record fine detail. By means of this measurement, minimum acceptable lev- els of image qual
41、ity for first and subsequent generations can be determined in accordance with the Quality Index method described in ANSI/AIIM MS23. It should be pointed out that the Quality Index method may not be applicable to low contrast microfilm systems. In deter- mining the resolving power of the camera/film
42、system, a planetary camera target should be used containing an arrangement of five ANSUIS0 3334 (ANSUAIIM MS51) Test Charts No. 2 (see figure 5). Figure 6, Arrangement of technical target for planetary camera microfilming, Figure 5 - Arrangement of test patterns in IS0 resolu- tion test chart No. 2
43、(actual size) ISO/ANSI 3334 (ANSVAIIM MS51).* *Not to be used for testing. COPYRIGHT Association for Information (2) when considera- bly more than a few items are being added, film them and, after processing and inspecting the film, splice the retakes at the end of the appropriate reel; (3) when a l
44、arg- er amount of material is obtained at a later date, film all accumulated missing issues on one or more sup- plemental reel(s). In the last two instances, targets should be spliced in the appropriate places, stating where the missing items are to be found. Whenever practical, en- tire issues or c
45、alendar years should be refilmed to avoid the necessity of inserting film containing previously miss- ing items. 10 Duplicating microfilms of newspapers Recommendations for duplicating microfilms of newspapers may be found in ANSUAIIM MS43. li Storage Camera master microfilms should be stored under
46、con- ditions set forth in ANSI IT9.11. Containers should be made of materials free from chem- icals harmful to the film (See IT9.2). Outer dimensions of the containers should not exceed 101.60 mm (4.0 inches) by 39.69 mm (1.56 inches). Each container should bear a label on one side (not the flap cov
47、er) that shows as much as possible of the bibliographical target without crowding the label. The label should identify the exact contents of the reel. This information should in- clude the country (optional, if U.S.A.) and place of pub- lication of the newspaper, its title, and the dates of issues t
48、hat appear on the film. The wound film plus leader and trailer should not be closer than 6.0 mm (0.24 inch) from the edge of the reel at its outer circumference. Film shall be wound with the start target at the outer end in a man- ner that conforms to ANSUAIIM MS23. If the film is secured on the ree
49、l, use materials that are free of chemicals harmful to the film (e.g., acid-free paper bands having string ties). Though nonharmful elas- tic bands exist, their use may provide encouragement for uninformed persons to use ordinary rubber bands to se- cure film on reels, and for this reason their use is dis- couraged. 10 COPYRIGHT Association for Information & Imaging ManagementLicensed by Information Handling ServicesAIIM MS111 94 = 1012348 0500449 398 - I ANSIIAIIM MSlll-1994 0 by Association for Information and Image Management 1100 Wayne Avenue, Suite 1100 Silver Spring, MD 20910-5603
