1、Using Variable Angle Tribometers (VAT) for Measurement of the Slip Resistance of Walkway SurfacesANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3-2007ANSI/ASSETR-A1264.3-2007ASSEANSI/ASSETechnicalReportAmerican Society of Safety Engineers1800 East Oakton StreetDes Plaines, IL 60018www.asse.org404827_ANSI_CVR.qxd:53803_AAMA due
2、sinvoicemk.qxd 3/12/08 4:27 PM Page 2The information and materials contained in this publication have been developed from sources believed to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSIaccredited A10 Committee or individual committee members accep
3、t no legal responsibility for the correctness or completeness of this material or its application to specific factual situations. By publication of this standard, ASSE or the A10 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these recommendations will protect the safety or health of any persons, or pr
4、eserve property. 404827_ANSI_CVR.qxd:53803_AAMA duesinvoicemk.qxd 3/13/08 1:28 PM Page 3404827_ANSI_CVR.qxd:53803_AAMA duesinvoicemk.qxd 3/13/08 1:28 PM Page 4Printed in U.S.A.ASSE404827_ANSI_CVR.qxd:53803_AAMA duesinvoicemk.qxd 3/12/08 4:27 PM Page 1The information and materials contained in this p
5、ublication have been developed from sources believed to be reliable. However, the American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) as secretariat of the ANSI accredited A1264 Committee or individual committee members accept no legal responsibility for the correctness or completeness of this material or i
6、ts application to specific factual situations. By publication of this standard, ASSE or the A1264 Committee does not ensure that adherence to these recommendations will protect the safety or health of any persons, or preserve property. ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3 2007 ANSI Technical Report Using Variable A
7、ngle Tribometers (VAT) for Measurement of the Slip Resistance of Walkway Surfaces Prepared by the American Society of Safety Engineers Registered November 16, 2007 by the American National Standards Institute, Inc. Secretariat and Standards Developing Organization: American Society of Safety Enginee
8、rs 1800 East Oakton Street Des Plaines, Illinois 60018-2187 (847) 699-2929 www.asse.org Published February, 2008 Copyright 2008 by American Society of Safety Engineers All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, with
9、out the prior written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America FOREWORD Subcommittee A1264.2 of the A1264 Accredited Standards Committee Safety Standards for Floor and Wall Openings, Railings, and Toeboards and Fixed General Industrial Stairs of the American National Stan
10、dards Institute developed this technical report to provide guidance for the performance of slip resistance testing of walkway surfaces in situ. The A1264.2 Subcommittee operates under the auspices of the ANSI A1264 ASC and its accredited Standards Development Organization The American Society of Saf
11、ety Engineers (ASSE). This technical report is intended as a companion document to ANSI A1264.2 Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surfaces. The intent of A1264.2 is to help reduce falls due to preventable conditions by providing guidelines and recommendations for the minimum performanc
12、e requirements for increased safety on walking/working surfaces. The intent of this technical report is to provide a scientific basis and guidance for certain devices in evaluating walking/working surface slip resistance properties and/or frictional characteristics. There have been and continue to b
13、e a number of standards activities related to the measurement of slip resistance on walkway surfaces. These initiatives tend to be long-term projects that take many years to develop. Therefore, a technical report assembling the scientific, legal, and standards development literature provides timely
14、and much needed guidance. This technical report complements the objectives of the A1264.2 standard, providing support for the use of slip resistance test instruments. The standards committee offers this technical report as the state of the art, understanding that development in this area continues,
15、and revisions to this report may be necessary as tribometric science progresses. There are two appendices at the end of the technical report that provide operating protocols for the two slip resistance testers discussed in this report the Brungraber Mark II/III Slip Tester and the English XL Tribome
16、ter. Publication of this Registered Technical Report has been approved by the A1264 ASC and registered with ANSI by the American Society of Safety Engineers. This document is registered as a Technical Report series of publications according to the procedures for the Registration of Technical Reports
17、 with ANSI. This document is not an American National Standard and the material contained herein is not normative in nature. Comments on the content of this document should be sent to: The Director of Practices and Standards, American Society of Safety Engineers, 1800 East Oakton Street, Des Plaines
18、, IL 60018. This document is registered as a Technical Report in the A1264 series of publications according to the Procedures for the Registration of ANSI Technical Reports and the ANSI A1264 ASC Operating Procedures. The A1264 Accredited Standards Committee is composed of the following member organ
19、izations: Keith Vidal, P.E., Chairman Lawrence Oldendorf, P.E., Vice Chairman Timothy R. Fisher, CSP, ARM, CPEA, Secretary Jennie Dalesandro, Administrative Technical Support Organization Represented Name of Representative American Society of Safety Engineers Lawrence E. Oldendorf, P.E. Arthur J. Ga
20、llagher 4,798,080 (issued January 17, 1989); and 5,576,478 (issued November 11, 1996). English XL In the early 1990s, William English developed the English XL, an articulated strut device similar in principle to the Mark II/III. However, the English XL relies not on gravity, but is powered by a smal
21、l carbon dioxide cartridge at a set pressure. The instrument has an aluminum frame onto which is attached a hinged aluminum mast. The angle of the mast can be adjusted by a hand wheel from vertical 90 degrees to approximately 45 degrees. The mast holds a pneumatic piston, which drives a rod towards
22、the surface being tested. The end of the rod holds a 1.25” round test foot on a spring-and-joint assembly, which makes contact with the surface. The pneumatic piston is powered by carbon dioxide at a constant pressure. The angle of the mast is adjusted from a relatively more vertical position to a r
23、elatively more horizontal position until a slip occurs. The slip index can be read directly from the protractor mounted on the instrument. While the standard recommends the use of NeoliteTest Liner for floor testing (see below), any material can be mounted on the test foot. The instrument has severa
24、l features that make it suitable for field-testing: The test foot cylinder contacts the walkway surface in a heel-first attitude of contact. The velocity of contact is consistent with strobe flash experiments of heel contact speed (Perkins, 1978). While some researchers have suggested the small dime
25、nsions of the test foot makes the instrument inappropriate for testing of highly textured or profiled surfaces, the size of the test foot is similar to the initial area of heel contact in human walking. The compressed gas delivers a uniform force, and permits metering of inclined surfaces such as ra
26、mps unhampered by the impact of gravity activation. Like the Brungraber Mark II/III, the application of vertical and horizontal forces is simultaneous, thus avoiding residence-time and permitting reliable wet test results. The English XL is currently still under patent (5,259,236, issued November 3,
27、 1993). The only manufacturer is William English Inc. (20500 N. River Rd., Alva, FL 33920). It is available through http:/. ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3 2007 8 Test Foot Material Test foot material is the surface that makes contact with the floor surface when making slip resistance measurements. Appropriate
28、 test foot material is essential to accurate, reliable, and valid baseline readings. In the early 1990s, ASTM Technical Committee F13.10 began a study to identify a more suitable material than leather for walkway surface slip resistance testing. It was found that the best available material was a te
29、st grade of Neolite, originally developed, patented, and trademarked by the Goodyear Tire The special test grade (or scientific grade) of NeoliteTest Liner used is manufactured with specific quality controls regarding hardness and consistency of physical properties. It is also made to a specific rec
30、ipe and tested for consistency of physical properties according to a former Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) specification HS-3 for use as a friction pad material, specifying Shore Hardness of 93-96, specific gravity 1.25 +/- 0.02, 1/8” thickness; It is stable over time; Its traction propertie
31、s are in the median range of commonly used shoe bottom materials; It has been proven reliable and repeatable over many years in service as a friction pad material, as the material of choice for the Horizontal Pull Dynamometer Pullmeter (ASTM C1028), the Horizontal Pull Slipmeter, the Brungraber Mark
32、 II/III, and the English XL (Flynn, Underwood). It was the material of choice by the National Bureau of Standards (now National Institute of Standards and Technology) in its studies on the use of tribometers on wet surfaces. The thickness of Neolitecan vary (1/8” or 1/4”). Studies indicate that the
33、results of the English XL are not dependent on the thickness of the test foot, primarily because it is a constant-velocity device, being driven by gas pressure. Currently, NeoliteTest Liner is manufactured and supplied primarily through Smithers Scientific Services, Inc., 425 W. Market Street, Akron
34、, Ohio, although most any manufacturer of footwear bottom material can produce it. The consensus of many slip resistance experts is that NeoliteTest Liner is the best currently available material for testing floor surfaces to establish slip resistance. ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3 2007 9 Extent of Use of VA
35、Ts - Types of Uses Product Design. When designing walkway materials and related products, cleaners, and treatments, slip testing can be an invaluable tool in comparing formulations, patterns, textures, and other design features with each other to achieve a suitable balance between function and aesth
36、etics. Quality Control. Slipmeters can be used to perform quality control on floor conditions, assessing the effectiveness and life of flooring materials in use, and the effectiveness of cleaning, housekeeping, and maintenance regimens. Audits/Problem Identification Prevention. In order to take corr
37、ective action, you must first know where the problems are. In combination with a preliminary analysis of losses, slip resistance testing can assist in identifying problem conditions before they produce accidents. Areas that should be considered include those with high traffic, entrance/exit areas, a
38、nd areas where history indicates problems may exist. There are times in which loss history cannot be analyzed because this information is unknown or unavailable. Examples include new ventures, the use of new flooring materials, poor prior accident reporting and investigation procedures, and the acqu
39、isition of new properties or business units. In such instances, slip resistance testing alone can be instrumental in helping to identify areas of potential concern. Claims Defense/Documentation. Performing and documenting periodic slip testing on surfaces that may be subject to slip and fall claims
40、as part of an ongoing prevention program can be effective in minimizing claim occurrences and costs. Accident Investigation. Any factual investigation done today can be scrutinized through the legal process of discovery at a later point in time. Because of this, it is essential that all factual inve
41、stigation support for claims, including slip resistance testing, be thorough and accurate. Prompt testing of the area in question and clear and concise documentation of the results can be critical in determining whether or not the floor surface contributed to the accident. Material Specifications/As
42、sessment of Floor Treatment/Cleaning Products and Methods. Slip resistance testing can provide a means of directly comparing the relative effectiveness of current or proposed floor treatments, cleaning products, and cleaning methods upon application and over time. The systematic approach to selectin
43、g an effective floor treatment, or to evaluate a cleaning regimen is a controlled evaluation. Finding the right product is more a process of elimination. Working with a professional will enable you to document the steps that support your flooring recommendation. - Industries A wide range of industri
44、es employ the use of slipmeters, and in particular the English XL and/or the Brungraber Mark II/III. Below is a partial list: Insurance, Brokers and Service Companies Federal Government GSA OSHA NASA, NIOSH US Air Force US Navy ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3 2007 10 Colleges and Universities Municipal Governm
45、ent Industrial/Service Companies Manufacturers, including conglomerates Retailers, including Supermarkets and Convenience Stores Entertainment, Cruise Companies, Cultural Institutions Healthcare Janitorial and Maintenance Companies Chemical and Petroleum Product Companies Lodging Food Service/Restau
46、rants Pharmaceutical Companies Telecommunications Consultants, Consulting Companies, and Testing Labs Floor Treatment Contractors ANSI/ASSE TR-A1264.3 2007 11 DISCUSSION Research Studies In a thorough study by Powers, Kulig, Flynn, and Brault in 1999, the Brungraber Mark II and English XL demonstrat
47、ed remarkably low bias, and good repeatability. Work by Chang and Leamon (1997) reported that the Brungraber Mark II and the English XL are both capable of distinguishing surface roughness on wet quarry tile. Several ASTM workshops have generated much data demonstrating the reliability and consisten
48、cy of the English XL. Two studies done for the revision of the OSHA Steel Erection Standard bear out the correlation of the instruments output to the human perception of walking by comparing how English XL and walkers independently rank sets of materials of various degrees of slip resistance (http:/
49、www.cdc.gov/niosh/elcosh/docs/d0100/d000037/d000037.html). Ruggedness Testing (June 2002) This study was undertaken to help determine how instrument factors (operational details, instrument adjustments) and environmental conditions might influence slip resistance results obtained with the English XL. Additionally, once the studies were done, it was hoped that results would lead to suggestions for clarifying the operation of the English XL to improve precision. The emphasis of this work was to inve
