1、Recommended Practice for Field Testing Water-based Drilling FluidsANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13B-1FOURTH EDITION, MARCH 2009ERRATA 1, AUGUST 2014REAFFIRMED, MARCH 2016ISO 10414-1:2008 (Identical), Petroleum and natural gas industriesField testing of drilling fluidsPart 1: Water-based fluidsDate o
2、f Issue: August 2014 Affected Publication: API Recommended Practice 13B-1, Recommended Practice for Field Testing Water-based Drilling Fluids, Fourth Edition, March 2009 ERRATA 1 Page 13, the NOTE associated with Section 6.3.2.6 shall be replaced with: NOTE The gel strength value reported directly f
3、rom the dial reading is an approximation of lbf/100ft2. Dial reading units are degrees of deflection (1360 of 1 full rotation). Each 1 degree of deflection is equal to 0.511 Pa in SI units and to 1.067 lbf/100ft2in USC units. These exact units corrections are often neglected for simplicity in report
4、ing. Common field practice when reporting pascals is to divide dial units by 2 for simplicity. 1 r/min of the rotor equals a shear rate of 1.7023 s-1. Page 13, the NOTE associated with Section 6.3.2.7 shall be replaced with: NOTE The gel strength value reported directly from the dial reading is an a
5、pproximation of lbf/100ft2. Dial reading units are degrees of deflection (1360 of 1 full rotation). Each 1 degree of deflection is equal to 0.511 Pa in SI units and to 1.067 lbf/100ft2in USC units. These exact units corrections are often neglected for simplicity in reporting. Common field practice w
6、hen reporting pascals is to divide dial units by 2 for simplicity. 1 r/min of the rotor equals a shear rate of 1.7023 s-1. Page 21, Equation 16 shall be replaced with: ()() ()lg f b f SS df,A f o oblg1100 100=+Page 21, Equation 17 shall be replaced with: ()() ()lg f b f SS df,B f o oblg1100 12=+Spec
7、ial NotesAPI publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed.Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty
8、 or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of such use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API no
9、r any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights.Users of this recommended practice should not rely exclusively on the information contained in this document. Sound business, scientific, eng
10、ineering, and safety judgment should be used in employing the information contained herein. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so. Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no repr
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12、blished to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API pu
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20、or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycle. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually by API, 1220
21、L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005.Suggested revisions are invited and should be submitted to the Standards Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20005, standardsapi.org.iiiii Contents Page API Foreword ii Foreword . v Introduction vi 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions . 2 3 Symbol
22、s and abbreviated terms 2 3.1 Symbols 2 3.2 Abbreviations . 6 4 Drilling fluid density (mud weight). 7 4.1 Principle 7 4.2 Apparatus . 7 4.3 Procedure . 7 4.4 Calculation . 8 5 Alternative drilling fluid density method . 9 5.1 Principle 9 5.2 Apparatus . 10 5.3 Procedure . 10 5.4 Calculation . 10 6
23、Viscosity and gel strength 11 6.1 Principle 11 6.2 Determination of viscosity using the Marsh funnel . 11 6.3 Determination of viscosity and/or gel strength using a direct-indicating viscometer . 11 7 Filtration . 14 7.1 Principle 14 7.2 Low-temperature/low-pressure test 14 7.3 High-temperature/high
24、-pressure (HTHP) test . 15 8 Water, oil and solids contents 18 8.1 Principle 18 8.2 Apparatus . 18 8.3 Procedure . 19 8.4 Calculation . 20 9 Sand content 22 9.1 Principle 22 9.2 Apparatus . 22 9.3 Procedure . 22 10 Methylene blue capacity . 23 10.1 Principle 23 10.2 Reagents and apparatus . 23 10.3
25、Procedure . 24 10.4 Calculation . 26 11 pH 26 11.1 Principle 26 11.2 Reagents and apparatus . 27 11.3 Procedure for pH measurement . 28 iv 11.4 Care of electrode . 29 12 Alkalinity and lime content 29 12.1 Principle . 29 12.2 Reagents and apparatus 30 12.3 Procedure Phenolphthalein and methyl orange
26、 filtrate alkalinities 30 12.4 Procedure Phenolphthalein drilling fluid alkalinity 31 12.5 Calculation of ion concentrations from Pf and Mf . 31 12.6 Estimation of lime content . 31 13 Chloride ion content . 32 13.1 Principle . 32 13.2 Reagents and apparatus 32 13.3 Procedure 32 13.4 Calculation . 3
27、2 14 Total hardness as calcium . 33 14.1 Principle . 33 14.2 Reagents and apparatus 33 14.3 Procedure 34 14.4 Calculation . 35 Annex A (informative) Chemical analysis of water-based drilling fluids 36 Annex B (informative) Shear strength measurement using shearometer tube . 52 Annex C (informative)
28、Resistivity . 54 Annex D (informative) Removal of air or gas prior to testing 56 Annex E (informative) Drill pipe corrosion ring coupon 57 Annex F (informative) Sampling, inspection and rejection 61 Annex G (informative) Rig-site sampling . 63 Annex H (informative) Calibration and verification of gl
29、assware, thermometers, viscometers, retort-kit cup and drilling fluid balances 66 Annex I (normative) High-temperature/high-pressure filtration testing of water-based drilling fluids using the permeability-plugging apparatus and cells equipped with set-screw-secured end caps 71 Annex J (normative) H
30、igh-temperature/high-pressure filtration testing of water-based drilling fluids using the permeability-plugging apparatus and cells equipped with threaded end caps 81 Annex K (informative) Water-based drilling fluids report form . 90 Bibliography . 91 v Foreword ISO (the International Organization f
31、or Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has th
32、e right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Internat
33、ional Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication
34、 as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
35、 ISO 10414-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids, and well cements. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10414
36、-1:2001), to which Annexes I, J and K have been added and other minor changes made to the sentence structure, grammar and other non-technical editing. ISO 10414 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries Field testing of drilling fluids: Part 1: Wat
37、er-based fluids Part 2: Oil-based fluids vi Introduction This part of ISO 10414 is based on API RP 13B-1, third edition, December 20032 and ISO 10414 (all parts)6. Annexes A to H and K of this part of ISO 10414 are for information only. Annexes I and J are normative. In this part of ISO 10414, where
38、 practical, U.S. Customary (USC) units are included in brackets for information. API Recommended Practice 13B-1/ISO 10414-1 1 Petroleum and natural gas industries Field testing of drilling fluids Part 1: Water-based fluids DANGER As with any laboratory procedure requiring the use of potentially haza
39、rdous chemicals, the user is expected to have proper knowledge and to have received training in the use and disposal of these chemicals. The user is responsible for compliance with all applicable local, regional and national requirements for worker and local health, safety and environmental liabilit
40、y. 1 Scope This part of ISO 10414 provides standard procedures for determining the following characteristics of water-based drilling fluids: a) drilling fluid density (mud weight); b) viscosity and gel strength; c) filtration; d) water, oil and solids contents; e) sand content; f) methylene blue cap
41、acity; g) pH; h) alkalinity and lime content; i) chloride content; j) total hardness as calcium. Annexes A through K provide additional test methods which may be used for chemical analysis for calcium, magnesium, calcium sulfate, sulfide, carbonate and potassium; determination of shear strength; det
42、ermination of resistivity; removal of air; drill-pipe corrosion monitoring; sampling, inspection and rejection; 2 RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR FIELD TESTING WATER-BASED DRILLING FLUIDS rig-site sampling; calibration and verification of glassware, thermometers, viscometers, retort-kit cup and drilling-fl
43、uid balances; permeability-plugging testing at high temperature and high pressure for two types of equipment; example of a report form for water-based drilling fluid. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 ACS reagent grade chemical
44、meeting the purity standards specified by the American Chemical Society (ACS) 2.2 darcy permeability of a porous medium, where one darcy is the flow of a single-phase fluid of 1 cP viscosity that completely fills the voids of the porous medium, flowing through the medium under conditions of viscous
45、flow at a rate of 1 ml s 1 cm 2 cross-sectional area and under a pressure or equivalent hydraulic gradient of 1 atm cm 1 NOTE 1 cP 1 mPa s. 2.3 quarter verb mix and divide into four specimens to ensure homogeneity of specimens 2.4 spurt loss volume of fluid that passes through the filtration medium
46、before a filter cake is formed 2.5 tube sampling sampling method consisting of the withdrawal of powdered sample from bag or bulk via a cylindrical device pushed into the sample, locked shut and withdrawn 3 Symbols and abbreviated terms 3.1 Symbols NOTE Subscript “A” to symbol denotes metric units.
47、Subscript “B” to symbol denotes U.S. customary units. AA area, in square centimetres AB area, in square inches cb,A concentration of weighting material, in kilograms per cubic metre cb,B concentration of weighting material, in pounds per barrel cCa concentration of calcium ion, in milligrams per lit
48、re cCa+Mg concentration of calcium and magnesium ion (total hardness), in milligrams per litre API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13B-1/ISO 10414-1 3 cCaSO4,A concentration of calcium sulfate, in kilograms per cubic metre cCaSO4,B concentration of calcium sulfate, in pounds per barrel (USC) cCO2+CO3+HCO3 conc
49、entration of total soluble carbonates, in milligrams per litre cCl concentration of chloride ion, in milligrams per litre cex-CaSO4,A concentration of excess, undissolved calcium sulfate, in kilograms per cubic metre cex-CaSO4,B concentration of excess, undissolved calcium sulfate, in pounds per barrel (USC) cf,KCl,A concentration of potassium chloride in filtrate, in kilograms per cubic metre cf,KCl,B concentration of potassium chloride in filtrate, in pounds per barrel (USC) cK concentration of potassium ion, in milligrams per
