1、Recommended Practice for Measuring Stimulation and Gravel-pack Fluid Leakoff Under Static ConditionsANSI/API RECOMMENDED PRACTICE 13M-4FIRST EDITION, DECEMBER 2006REAFFIRMED, JULY 2015ISO 13503-4 (Identical), Petroleum and natural gas industriesCompletion of fluids and materialsPart 4: Procedure for
2、 measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditionsSpecial Notes API publications necessarily address problems of a general nature. With respect to particular circumstances, local, state, and federal laws and regulations should be reviewed. Neither API nor any of APIs employ
3、ees, subcontractors, consultants, committees, or other assignees make any warranty or representation, either express or implied, with respect to the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of the information contained herein, or assume any liability or responsibility for any use, or the results of suc
4、h use, of any information or process disclosed in this publication. Neither API nor any of APIs employees, subcontractors, consultants, or other assignees represent that use of this publication would not infringe upon privately owned rights. API publications may be used by anyone desiring to do so.
5、Every effort has been made by the Institute to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in them; however, the Institute makes no representation, warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or dama
6、ge resulting from its use or for the violation of any authorities having jurisdiction with which this publication may conflict. API publications are published to facilitate the broad availability of proven, sound engineering and operating practices. These publications are not intended to obviate the
7、 need for applying sound engineering judgment regarding when and where these publications should be utilized. The formulation and publication of API publications is not intended in any way to inhibit anyone from using any other practices. Any manufacturer marking equipment or materials in conformanc
8、e with the marking requirements of an API standard is solely responsible for complying with all the applicable requirements of that standard. API does not represent, warrant, or guarantee that such products do in fact conform to the applicable API standard. All rights reserved. No part of this work
9、may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Contact the Publisher, API Publishing Services, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Copyright 200
10、6 American Petroleum Institute API Foreword Nothing contained in any API publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use of any method, apparatus, or product covered by letters patent. Neither should anything contained in the publi
11、cation be construed as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent. This document was produced under API standardization procedures that ensure appropriate notification and participation in the developmental process and is designated as an API standard. Questions concerning
12、the interpretation of the content of this publication or comments and questions concerning the procedures under which this publication was developed should be directed in writing to the Director of Standards, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Requests for per
13、mission to reproduce or translate all or any part of the material published herein should also be addressed to the director. Generally, API standards are reviewed and revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn at least every five years. A one-time extension of up to two years may be added to this review cycl
14、e. Status of the publication can be ascertained from the API Standards Department, telephone (202) 682-8000. A catalog of API publications and materials is published annually and updated quarterly by API, 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005. Suggested revisions are invited and should be subm
15、itted to the Standards and Publications Department, API, 1220 L Street, NW, Washington, DC 20005, standardsapi.org. This standard shall become effective on the date printed on the cover but may be used voluntarily from the date of distribution. Standards referenced herein may be replaced by other in
16、ternational or national standards that can be shown to meet or exceed the requirements of the referenced standard. This American National Standard is under the jurisdiction of the API Subcommittee 13 on Drilling, Completion, and Fracturing Fluids. This standard is considered identical to the English
17、 version of ISO 13503-4. ISO 13503-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries, SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids, and well cement. API 13M-4 / ISO 13503-4 ii Contents Page API Foreword ii Foreword iv Intro
18、duction . v 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions . 1 3 Measurement and precision . 2 4 Fluid preparation . 2 5 Instrument calibration 3 6 Measurement procedure . 3 7 Operational procedure 7 8 Calculations . 8 9 Report . 13 10 Procedure modifications 14 ISO 13503-4:2006(E) iv ISO 2006 All rights reserve
19、dForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
20、technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matter
21、s of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulat
22、ed to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible
23、 for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 13503-4 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids, and well cements. ISO 13503 consists of
24、the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries Completion fluids and materials: Part 1: Measurement of viscous properties of completion fluids Part 2: Measurement of properties of proppants used in hydraulic fracturing and gravel-packing operations Part 3: Testing
25、of heavy brines Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions Part 5: Procedures for measuring the long-term conductivity of proppants API 13M-4 / ISO 13503-4 iv ISO 13503-4:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved vIntroduction The objective of this p
26、art of ISO 13503 is to provide a standard procedure for measuring fluid loss under static conditions. This standard procedure was compiled on the basis of several years of comparative testing, debate, discussion and continued research by the industry 1). In this part of ISO 13503, where practical, U
27、S Customary (USC) units are included in parentheses for information. 1) PENNY, G.S. and CONWAY, M.W. Fluid Leakoff, Recent Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing, J.L. Gidley, S.A. Holditch. D.E. Nierode and R.W. Veatch Jr. (eds), SPE Monograph 1989. API 13M-4 / ISO 13503-4 v INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13
28、503-4:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 1Petroleum and natural gas industries Completion fluids and materials Part 4: Procedure for measuring stimulation and gravel-pack fluid leakoff under static conditions 1 Scope This part of ISO 13503 provides for consistent methodology to measure fluid loss
29、of stimulation and gravel-pack fluid under static conditions. However, the procedure in this part of ISO 13503 excludes fluids that react with porous media. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 base fluid solution media used to pre
30、pare completion fluid 2.2 filtrate fluid that permeates into the porous medium 2.3 filter cake build-up of materials on the face or within the matrix of porous medium due to fluid leakoff 2.4 fluid loss fluid loss is a measure of fluid volume that leaks into a porous medium over time 2.5 gravel-pack
31、 fluids fluids used to place filtration media to control formation sand production from oil and gas wells 2.6 leakoff entry of fluid into a porous media 2.7 pH negative of the logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration 2.8 spurt time time between the initial entry of fluid into porous med
32、ium and the onset of square-root-of-time leakoff behaviour API 13M-4 / ISO 13503-4 1 ISO 13503-4:2006(E) 2 ISO 2006 All rights reserved2.9 shut-in time time from loading the cell to the initiation of leakoff test 2.10 spurt loss theoretical loss of fluid/filtrate at first exposure of that fluid into
33、 a porous medium 2.11 stimulation fluids fluids used to enhance production from oil and gas wells by fracturing or acidizing 2.12 viscosity-controlled fluid-loss coefficient measure of the leakoff rate controlled by the viscosity of filtrate 2.13 viscosity of fluid measure of the internal friction o
34、f a fluid whenever it is caused to move by an external force 2.14 wall-building coefficient measure of the leakoff rate due to filter cake formation 3 Measurement and precision Temperature shall be measured to a precision of 1 C ( 2 F). All other quantitative measurements shall be made to a precisio
35、n of 2 %, unless specified otherwise. 4 Fluid preparation Certain aspects of sample preparation and handling can affect properties of a fluid. During all procedures, steps shall be taken to minimize air entrainment into the fluid. The procedure used to prepare the fluid sample shall be documented as
36、 follows: a) description and/or composition of the base fluid; b) base fluid pre-treatment such as filtration; c) preparation of the fluid, which shall be described, starting with the base fluid, such as deionized water, tap water source, seawater (location) or type of organic fluids; d) identificat
37、ion of mixing apparatus, container volume and total volume of fluid prepared; e) time of mixing should include mixing time(s) at one or more mixer speed(s); f) identification of each component and amount added; g) order and method of addition of each component; h) aging or holding time at temperatur
38、e, if required, prior to tests; i) test temperature; j) pH (for aqueous fluids, where applicable); k) all other aspects of the fluid preparation that are known to affect the outcome of measurement. API 13M-4 / ISO 13503-4 2 ISO 13503-4:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 35 Instrument calibration T
39、he instruments associated with these procedures shall be calibrated according to each manufacturers recommended method. 6 Measurement procedure 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 General considerations Fluid-loss tests are conducted to simulate leakoff into a formation. Fluid-loss tests measure the rate of leak
40、off into a porous medium to calculate fluid-loss coefficients to guide engineering design of well completion operations. This part of ISO 13503 provides guidelines on known limitations to the testing procedure. Where data are reported as being obtained using this procedure, the procedure shall be fo
41、llowed exactly. The fluid shall not react with instrument surfaces to generate contaminants, change critical measurement dimensions or impair proper mechanical operation. 6.1.2 Apparatus Figures 1 and 2 present drawings of two types of typical static fluid-loss apparatus 2)with 175 ml and 500 ml cap
42、acities, respectively. 2) Examples of suitable fluid-loss cells are Baroid HPHT Filter Press Part Number 38700 and Chandler Engineering Model 4214. This information is given for the convenience of users of this part of ISO 13503 and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of these products. API 13
43、M-4 / ISO 13503-4 3 ISO 13503-4:2006(E) 4 ISO 2006 All rights reservedKey 1 O-ring seal 2 stem/valve 3 top cap 4 O-ring seal 5 backup ring 6 cell body 7 set screw 8 filter-paper assembly or synthetic core 9 bottom cap 10 seal mechanism 11 natural core aAssembly fluid-loss cell, 175 ml, 12 400 kPa (1
44、 800 psi), 303 SS. bNatural core. cSynthetic core or filter-paper assembly. Figure 1 Typical 175 ml fluid-loss cell API 13M-4 / ISO 13503-4 4 ISO 13503-4:2006(E) ISO 2006 All rights reserved 5Key 1 O-ring seal 2 stem/valve 3 bottom cap 4 O-ring seal 5 cell body 6 set screw 7 filter-paper assembly or
45、 synthetic core 8 seal mechanism 9 natural core aAssembly fluid-loss cell, 500 ml, 12 400 kPa (1 800 psi), 303 SS. bNatural core. cSynthetic core or filter-paper assembly. Figure 2 Typical 500 ml fluid-loss cell The type of fluid-loss cell is not specified. However, the fluid-loss cell should permit
46、 use of filter paper, natural- or synthetic-core samples as the filter medium. It shall be further equipped with a back-pressure receiver to be used when the test temperature exceeds the boiling point of the filtrate. Both the fluid-loss cell and back-pressure receiver shall have operating limits of
47、 at least 10 342 kPa (1 500 psi) and 121 C (250 F). The test core or filter medium shall be mounted within the cell in such a way that fluid cannot bypass the core or filter medium. A schematic diagram of fluid-loss apparatus is shown in Figure 3. API 13M-4 / ISO 13503-4 5 ISO 13503-4:2006(E) 6 ISO 2006 All rights reservedKey 1 pressurizing valve 2 fluid-loss cell 3 heating source 4 sample fluid 5 porous medium 6 filtrate valve 7 back-pressure receiver, optional 8 filtrate collector Fi
