1、AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDIMPULSE SOUND PROPAGATION FORENVIRONMENTAL NOISEASSESSMENTAccredited Standards Committee S12, NoiseStandards SecretariatAcoustical Society of America120 Wall Street, 32nd FloorNew York, New York 10005-3993ANSI S12.17-1996ANSIS12.17-1996The American National Standards Instit
2、ute, Inc. (ANSI) is the na-tional coordinator of voluntary standards development and the clear-ing house in the U.S. for information on national and internationalstandards.The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an organization of sci-entists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and diffuse t
3、heknowledge of acoustics and to promote its practical applications.AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDImpulse Sound Propagation for EnvironmentalNoise AssesmentSecretariatAcoustical Society of AmericaApproved 8 August 1996American National Standards Institute, Inc.ABSTRACTThis Standard describes engineering
4、methods to calculate the propagation of high-energy impulsivesounds through the atmosphere for purposes of assessment of environmental noise. The methods yieldestimates for the mean C-weighted sound exposure level of impulsive sound at distances between thesource and receiver ranging from 1 to 30 km
5、. Equations to estimate the standard deviation about the meanC-weighted sound exposure levels are provided. The methods apply for explosive masses between 50 gand 1000 kg.ANSI S12.17-1996AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICSThe Acoustical Society of America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accr
6、editedStandards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock,S3 on Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. These committees have wide represen-tation from the technical community (manufacturers, consumers, and general-interest representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustic
7、al Society ofAmerica through the American Institute of Physics as American National Stan-dards after approval by their respective Standards Committees and the AmericanNational Standards Institute.These standards are developed and published as a public service to providestandards useful to the public
8、, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State,and local governments.Each of the Accredited Standards Committees operating in accordance with pro-cedures approved by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is responsiblefor developing, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its own standard
9、s. TheASA Standards Secretariat administers committee organization and activity andprovides liaison between the Accredited Standards Committees and ANSI. Afterthe standards have been produced and adopted by the Accredited StandardsCommittees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, the
10、ASAStandards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution.An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially con-cerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in thejudgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement hasbe
11、en reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreementmeans much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consen-sus requires that all views and objections be considered and that a concertedeffort be made towards their resolution.The use of an American Nat
12、ional Standard is completely voluntary. Their exist-ence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has approvedthe Standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using prod-ucts, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.NOTICE: This American National
13、 Standard may be revised or withdrawn at anytime. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require thataction be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard.Standards SecretariatAcoustical Society of America120 Wall Street, 32nd FloorNew York, New York 10005-
14、3993Telephone: 1 (212) 248-0373Telefax: 1 (212) 248-0146 1996 by Acoustical Society of America. This standard may not be reproduced in whole orin part in any form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose notfalling within the provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976, without pri
15、or written permission ofthe publisher. For permission, address a request to the Standards Secretariat of the Acous-tical Society of America.Contents1 Scope 12 Normative references . 13 Definitions . 14 Engineering methods . 15 Adjustments to general predictions of C-weighted sound exposurelevels . 2
16、6 Other considerations . 3AnnexesAnnex A Explosive adjustment for the sounds of military weapons firing . . . 4Annex B Propagation over special surfaces 5Annex C Bibliography . 5TablesA.1 Weapon codes 4A.2 Parameters Y and B and directivity D for use in Equation (A1) 4A.3 Propellant masses for milit
17、ary weapon codes from Table A1 5iForewordThis Foreword is not part of ANSI S12.17-1997 American National Standard Impulse SoundPropagation for Environmental Noise Assessment.This standard contains three informative annexes.This standard was developed under the jurisdiction of Accredited Standards Co
18、mmit-tee S12, Noise, which has the following scope:Standards, specifications, and terminology in the field of acoustic noise pertain-ing to methods of measurement, evaluation, and control; including biologicalsafety, tolerance and comfort, and physical acoustics as related to environmentaland occupa
19、tional noise.At the time this standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S12 forapproval, the membership was as follows:D. L. Johnson, ChairP. D. Schomer, Vice ChairA. Brenig, SecretaryAcoustical Society of America . D.L.JohnsonW. J. Galloway (Alt.)Acoustical Systems, Inc. R.GoodwinR.
20、Seitz (Alt.)Air-Conditioning FAX: 1 (212) 248-0146.ivAMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI S12.17-1996American National StandardImpulse SoundPropagation forEnvironmental NoiseAssessment1 ScopeThis standard describes engineering methods thatmay be used to calculate the C -weighted sound ex-posure level of
21、blast or high-energy impulsivesounds at distances ranging from 1 to 30 km fromthe source. Sources of high-energy impulsivesounds include blasting at mines or quarries, guns,military weapons, and other explosive devices thatutilize non-nuclear explosives with a total explosivemass between 50 g and 10
22、00 kg. The engineeringmethods described in this Standard may be used inenvironmental assessments to supplement the in-formation determined by application of the proce-dures in Part 4 of ANSI S12.9-1997. For explosivemasses greater than 1000 kg, the procedures inANSI S2.20-1983 (R 1989) should be use
23、d to esti-mate the peak sound pressure level at a receiverlocation.2 Normative referencesThe following Standards contain provisions which,through reference in this text, constitute provisionsof this American National Standard. At the time ofapproval by the American National Standards Insti-tute, the
24、 editions indicated were valid. All standardsare subject to revision, and parties to agreementsbased on this American National Standard are en-couraged to investigate the possibility of applyingthe most recent editions of the Standards listed be-low.(1) ANSI S1.1-1994, Acoustical Terminology.(2) ANS
25、I S2.20-1983 R 1989 , American NationalStandard Estimating Airblast Characteristics forSingle Point Explosions in Air. With a Guide toEvaluation of Atmospheric Propagation and Ef-fects.(3) ANSI S12.9-1988 R 1993 : Part 1, AmericanNational Standard Quantities and Proceduresfor Description and Measure
26、ment of Environ-mental SoundPart 1.(4) ANSI S12.9-1997: Part 4, American NationalStandard Quantities and Procedures for De-scription and Measurement of EnvironmentalSoundPart 4: Assessments Methods.(5) ISO 9613-2: 1995, AcousticsAttenuation ofSound During Propagation OutdoorsPart 2:General Method of
27、 Calculation.3 DefinitionsDefinitions for quantities used in this Standard aregiven in ANSI S1.1-1994 or S12.9-1988. Additionalquantities are defined below.3.1 Scaled distanceParameter used by the mining industry and equal tothe source-to-receiver distance divided by the cuberoot of the mass of the
28、explosive material,S5d/m1/3, with distance d in kilometers and explo-sive mass m in kilograms. Unit, kilometers per cuberoot of kilograms, m/(kg)1/3. Unit symbol, S.3.2 TNT equivalentParameter to relate the sound exposure from differ-ent types of explosives to that of an explosive ofTNT. The TNT equ
29、ivalent of an explosive is equal tothe explosive mass in kilograms times its efficiency.Explosive efficiencies are listed in ANSI S2.20-1983(R 1989).4 Engineering methods4.1 General method for calculating mean valuesof C-weighted sound exposure levels of high-energy impulsive soundsThe mean C -weigh
30、ted sound exposure level, indecibels, at a receiver location caused by an impul-sive sound at a known source location and withknown explosive mass shall be calculated from thefollowing expression:LCE5 102.3 - 31.7 lgd/1! 1 C, (1)whereLCE5C -weighted sound exposure level in deci-bels relative to the
31、reference sound exposure of(20 mPa)2s;1 1996 Acoustical Society of Americalg5base 10 or common logarithm;d5source-to-receiver distance, kilometers;C5explosive adjustment, decibels.For explosions, other than weapon firing, in theopen air, the explosive adjustment is calculatedfromC 5 8.2 lgm/1!, (2)w
32、here m5mass, kilograms TNT equivalent.Determination of the explosive adjustment, C, forthe firing of military weapons is discussed in AnnexA.In equations (1) and (2), the reference distance is1 km and the reference mass is 1 kg.4.2 General method for calculating thevariability of the estimated mean
33、values of theC -weighted sound exposure levels.Temporal variations in the expected meanC -weighted sound exposure level are caused bymeteorological effects and changes in the groundsurfaces; see ANSI S2.20-1983 and ANSI S12.9-1997 Part 4.The standard deviation in decibels about the meanC-weighted so
34、und exposure level shall be deter-mined from:s 5 5 1 2.9 lgd/1! 1 0.28 d, (3)for distances 1d30 km.To predict the distribution of C -weighted sound ex-posure levels about the mean C -weighted soundexposure level, one must consider the limitationsplaced on the operations of the impulsive soundsource.
35、 That is, are operations delayed or post-poned during periods of enhanced propagation. Ifthere are no limitations on the operation, then thedistribution shall be plus and minus three times thestandard deviation given by equation (3). If the op-eration is limited to time periods when a tempera-ture i
36、nversion does not exist and the wind is blowingfrom the receiver locations of interest toward thesource of impulsive sounds, then the distribution isequal to plus and minus one standard deviation.4.3 Alternative method for calculating theC -weighted sound exposure level of blastingsounds at mines an
37、d quarriesThe expected mean C -weighted sound exposurelevel, in decibels, using scaled distance, S, for ex-plosions at mines and quarries may be determinedfrom:LCE599.1229.0 lgS/1!20.025 S , (4)whereS5d/m1/3d5distance, kilometersm5mass, kilogramsThe logarithm is relative to a scaled distance of 1km/
38、(kg)1/3.5 Adjustments to general predictions ofC-weighted sound exposure levelsThe following adjustments shall be subtracted fromthe C -weighted sound exposure levels calculatedby application of equations (1) or (4).5.1 Burial depth adjustmentThe mean C -weighted sound exposure levelcaused by an exp
39、losive charge buried in the groundis less than that calculated from equations (1) or (4).The adjustment for the effect of burial depth Cbindecibels, shall be calculated from the smaller of:Cb518 1 10 b/m1/3, (5)orCb530 b/m1/3, (6)whereb5burial depth, metersm5mass, kilograms, TNT equivalent.5.2 Heigh
40、t above ground adjustmentMeasurements of the effect of explosion height donot show agreement. An adjustment for this effectmay be determined from the procedure in ANSIS2.20-1983.5.3 Directivity adjustmentThe impulsive sound produced by the explosion of acharge located on or above the ground or burie
41、dbelow flat ground may be considered to be non-directional. The impulsive sound from buriedcharges from mining operations, can be directionalas a result of the contours of the land around thedetonation site (see clause 6). The directivity of theimpulsive sound from the firing of military weaponsmay
42、be estimated from the data in Annex A.ANSI S12.17-199626 Other considerations6.1 TerrainHills or ridges between the source and receiver canshield the receiver from the sound source. The in-sertion loss provided by such barriers shall be esti-mated from applicable models, for example, thosein ISO 961
43、3-2.6.2 Ground impedanceThe mean C -weighted sound exposure levels cal-culated by application of equations (1) or (4) areapplicable for propagation over areas that are pre-dominantly grassy with low vegetation. If the soundpropagation is entirely over water, over arid land, orthrough dense forests,
44、the alternative equations inAnnex B may be used to estimate the mean C -weighted sound exposure level at a receiver loca-tion.NOTEFor angles other than those specified in TableA2, the directivity correction may be estimated by lin-ear interpolation between tabulated angles.When the weapon firing con
45、tains an explosivecharge that detonates at a target, the impulsivenoise from this detonation may be assessed usingequation (1), and the burial depth or height aboveground adjustment, if applicable.ANSI S12.17-19963Annex A(informative)Explosive adjustment for the sounds of military weapons firingThe
46、explosive adjustment to the calculated meanC -weighted sound exposure level for impulsivesound, from the firing of the military weapons inTable A.1, may be calculated from:Cw5Y 1 B lg16 m/1! 1 D , (A1)whereY5constant from Table, A.2, in decibels;B5coefficient from Table A.2;m5propellant mass from Ta
47、ble A.3;D5directivity correction at specific azimuthalangles from Table A.2, decibels.Table A.1 Weapon codes.Code Weapon1 105-mm howitzer (M102)2 155-mm howitzer (M109)3 155-mm howitzer (M109A1)4 155-mm howitzer (M114)5 155-mm howitzer (M198)6 175-mm gun7 203-mm (8-inch) howitzer (M110)8 203-mm howi
48、tzer (M110A1)9 203-mm howitzer (M110A2)10 105-mm tank (M60) (regular shell)11 105-mm tank (M60) (high-velocity shell)12 120-mm tank (M1) (HEAT shell)13 120-mm tank (M1) (SABO shell)14 152-mm tank (M551)15 165-mm cannon (M135)16 Multiple Launch Rocket System(MLRS)17 60-mm mortar18 81-mm mortar19 107-
49、mm (4.2 inch) mortar20 57-mm recoilless rifle21 90-mm recoilless rifle (M67)22 106-mm recoilless rifle (M40A1)23 25-mm cannon24 LAW missile (M72)25 TOW missileNOTESLaw5Light Anti-tank Weapon. TOW5Tube-Launched,Optically Tracked, Wire Command-Link Guided.Table A.2 Parameters Y and B and directivity cor-rection D for use in equation (A1).Directivity Correction,D (dB) Azimuthal AngleWeapon Y (degrees)Code (dB) B 0 60 1201 243.1 13.9 17.8 10.0 3.02 241.1 18.5 0.6 0.3 1.53 243.4 18.1 21.9 21.5 0.94 244.7 15.6 14.9 10.2 3.25 243.4 18.1 21.9 21.5 0.96 252.7 17.5 16.3 9.8 3.07 239.9
