1、ANSI/ASA S2.28-2009 (Revision of ANSI S2.28-2003)AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDGuide for the Measurement and Evaluation of Broadband Vibration of Surface Ship Auxiliary Rotating Machinery Accredited Standards Committee S2, Mechanical Vibration and ShockStandards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America
2、 35 Pinelawn Road, Suite 114 E Melville, NY 11747-3177ANSI/ASA S2.28-2009 Reaffirmed by ANSI May 6, 2014 The American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) is the national coordinator of voluntary standards development and the clearinghouse in the U.S.A. for information on national and internati
3、onal standards. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an organization of scientists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and diffuse the knowledge of acoustics and to promote its practical applications. ANSI/ASA S2.28-2009 (Revision of ANSI S2.28-2003) AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Guide for t
4、he Measurement and Evaluation of Broadband Vibration of Surface Ship Auxiliary Rotating Machinery Secretariat: Acoustical Society of America Approved April 1, 2009 by: American National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract This Standard contains procedures for the measurement and evaluation of broadba
5、nd mechanical vibration of non-reciprocating auxiliary machines on surface ships, as measured on non-rotating parts. It applies to acceptance tests on new machinery (shop tests or on-board tests) and to in-situ tests on existing machinery on board ship. This American National Standard is related to
6、the ISO 10816 series that provides guidelines for the evaluation of different types of machines. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accredited Standards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on
7、Bioacoustics, S3/SC 1 on Animal Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. These committees have wide representation from the technical community (manufacturers, consumers, trade associations, organizations with a general interest, and government representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustical
8、Society of America as American National Standards after approval by their respective Standards Committees and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These standards are developed and published as a public service to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to F
9、ederal, State, and local governments. Each of the accredited Standards Committees (operating in accordance with procedures approved by ANSI) is responsible for developing, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its own Standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers Committee organization and
10、 activity and provides liaison between the Accredited Standards Committees and ANSI. After the Standards have been produced and adopted by the Accredited Standards Committees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, the ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distri
11、bution. An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substa
12、ntial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of an American National Standard is completely voluntary. Their existence does n
13、ot in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has approved the Standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the Standards. NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedu
14、res of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this Standard. Acoustical Society of America ASA Secretariat 35 Pinelawn Road, Suite 114E Melville, New York 11747-3177 Telephone: +1 631 390-0215 Fax: +1 631 390-0217 E-mail:
15、asastdsaip.org 2009 by Acoustical Society of America. This standard may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose not falling within the provisions of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publis
16、her. For permission, address a request to the Standards Secretariat of the Acoustical Society of America. Acoustical Society of America 2009 All rights reserved iContents 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references. 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Test measurements 1 4.1 Measurement procedures 1 4.2 Measureme
17、nt equipment 1 4.3 Test conditions . 2 4.4 Measurement locations 3 4.5 Units . 4 4.6 Frequency of testing. 4 5 Factors that affect vibration 4 5.1 Machine type 4 5.2 Support stiffness. 4 5.3 Hull vibration. 7 6 Evaluation. 7 6.1 Application of ISO 10816-1 7 6.2 Criterion I (vibration magnitude). 9 6
18、.3 Criterion II (change in vibration magnitude) . 9 7 Operational limits 10 7.1 Introduction. 10 7.2 Setting of alarms 10 7.3 Setting of trips 10 Annex A (informative) Units. 11 Annex B (informative) Machinery specifications, test requirements, and test reports 12 B.1 Machinery specifications 12 B.2
19、 Test requirements 12 B.3 Test reports 12 Bibliography. 13 Tables Table 1 Machine types 5 Table 2 Expected broadband values 8 Table 3 Broadband criteria I (absolute) 9 Table 4 Broadband criteria II (changes) . 10 Figures Figure 1 Measuring points for horizontal machine sets 3 Figure 2 Measuring poin
20、ts for vertical machine sets 3 Figure 3 Average vibration by machine type 6 Figure 4 Resonance curve for one value of damping. 7 Acoustical Society of America 2009 All rights reserved ii Foreword This Foreword is for information only, and is not a part of the American National Standard ANSI/ASA S2.2
21、8-2009 American National Standard Guide for the Measurement and Evaluation of Broadband Vibration of Surface Ship Auxiliary Rotating Machinery. This standard comprises a part of a group of definitions, standards, and specifications for use in mechanical vibration and shock. It was developed and appr
22、oved by Accredited Standards Committee S2, Mechanical Vibration and Shock, under its approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The scope of Accredited Standards Committee S2 is as follows: Standards, specification, metho
23、ds of measurement and test, and terminology in the field of mechanical vibration and shock, and condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines, including the effects of exposure to mechanical vibration and shock on humans, including those aspects which pertain to biological safety, tolerance and c
24、omfort. This standard is a revision of ANSI S2.28-2003, which has been technically and editorially revised. The major changes in this edition include revised zone limits based on statistical analysis and the addition of limits for continuous and periodic monitoring. This standard is not comparable t
25、o any existing ISO Standard, but it is related to the ISO 10816 series. At the time this Standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S2, Mechanical Vibration and Shock for approval, the membership was as follows: A.T. Herfat, Chair R.L. Eshleman, Vice-Chair S.B. Blaeser, Secretary Acous
26、tical Society of America.S.I Hayek B.E. Douglas (Alt.) American Industrial Hygiene Association J.J. Earshen D. Driscoll (Alt.) Association of American Railroads.J. Moller . N. Cooperrider (Alt.) Balance Technology Inc. J. Haidler G. Grim (Alt.) Boeing K.D. Sellers .D.A. Followell (Alt.) BP America.W
27、.C. Foiles J. McCraw (Alt.) Calnetix L.A. Hawkins .P. McMullen (Alt.) Caterpillar, Inc. D.G. Roley Acoustical Society of America 2009 All rights reserved iiiCharles M. Salter Associates A.P. Nash Commercial Vehicle Group . L. Mullinix Eckardt Johanning, MD, PC E. Johanning Emerson Electric Copeland
28、Corporation .A.T. Herfat .M. Mezache (Alt.) Endevco Corp B. Yang GE Energy R. Bankert Infrared Training Center .G. Orlove R. Madding (Alt.) John Deere. L. DeVries Mechanical Solutions, Inc. W.D. Marscher .M. Onari (Alt.) MIMOSA K. Bever . A. Johnston (Alt.) NASA Ames Research CenterK.F. Goebel Natio
29、nal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) R. Dong T.W. McDowell (Alt.) National Institute of Standards Fax: +1 631 390-0217; E-mail: asastdsaip.org. Acoustical Society of America 2009 All rights reserved vIntroduction This American National Standard relies on ISO 10816-1:1995 as the b
30、asis document that describes the general requirements for evaluating the vibration of machines when the vibration measurements are made on non-rotating components, such as bearing housings. In all parts of ISO 10816, two criteria are provided for assessing machine vibration. One criterion considers
31、the magnitudes of vibration; the other criterion considers changes in magnitudes of vibration. The evaluation of vibration requires trending with time, comparison with other similar machines, and correlation with maintenance history. It is not to be done only with simple comparison to a standard vib
32、ration level. For some machine types it is also appropriate to judge the vibration based on measurements taken on the rotating shafts, and such measurements are addressed in ANSI/ASA S2.29-2003 (R2008). AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ASA S2.28-2009 Acoustical Society of America 2009 All rights rese
33、rved 1American National Standard Guide for the Measurement and Evaluation of Broadband Vibration of Surface Ship Auxiliary Rotating Machinery 1 Scope This American National Standard provides specific guidance for assessing the severity of vibrations measured on bearing housings of shipboard machiner
34、y so as to ensure reliable mechanical operation. The criteria provided in this Standard apply to the vibration of all non-reciprocating machinery on board surface ships, except for main propulsion machinery. They apply to broadband vibration measurements taken on the bearing housings, or as close as
35、 possible to the bearing supports, of machines under steady-state operating conditions with normal operating conditions of speed and load. For further evaluation of gears and rolling element bearings, measurements of frequency components may be needed. This Standard applies to acceptance tests on ne
36、w machinery (shop tests or on-board tests) and to in-situ tests on existing machinery on board ship. The criteria are applicable only for the vibration produced by the machine itself and not for vibrations which are transmitted to the machine from the outside environment. 2 Normative references The
37、following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ANSI S2.1/ISO 2041, American National Standard Vibrat
38、ion and Shock Vocabulary (a nationally adopted international standard) ISO 10816-1:1995, Mechanical vibration - Evaluation of machine vibration by measurements on non-rotating parts - Part 1: General guidelines. 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions giv
39、en in ANSI S2.1/ISO 2041 apply. 4 Test measurements 4.1 Measurement procedures Measurement procedures should conform to the general procedures listed in ISO 10816-1 as well as those given below. 4.2 Measurement equipment Measurement equipment shall be capable of measuring broadband rms vibratory vel
40、ocity within 5 percent accuracy over a frequency range of at least 10 Hz to 2 kHz. The broadband measurement error shall be calibrated to within 10 percent of the C/D zone boundary (see Table 3). Any variation in the lower or upper frequency limits should be included in the machinery specifications.
41、 If only broadband readings are taken, both velocity and displacement should be recorded. ANSI/ASA S2.28-2009 Acoustical Society of America 2009 All rights reserved 2 A formula to estimate the predominant frequency from broadband velocity and displacement measurements is given by: 60 vcpmd= , (1) wh
42、ere v is velocity in 0-pk units/s and d is displacement in peak-to-peak units. While this formula is exact for a single frequency, its use with a broadband signal can give an estimate of diagnostic value when a spectrum is not available. In the case of low-speed machines (1,200 rpm or less), the low
43、er limit of the flat response frequency range shall be less than one-half the frequency of rotation. Also for low-speed machines, the measurement equipment shall be capable of measuring the broadband vibratory displacement as well as velocity. Should displacement readings be required, the test speci
44、fications shall so state. If the measurement equipment is also to be used for diagnostic purposes or if higher frequency components such as gear-tooth mesh are of interest, an upper frequency limit greater than 2 kHz may be necessary. 4.3 Test conditions Acceptance tests are usually conducted after
45、the machine is installed onboard ship. Installed machines should be tested with their normal shipboard mounting. If the manufacturer and owner agree, shop testing can be conducted, preferably with resilient mounts for which the natural frequency is less than half the frequency of rotation. Measureme
46、nts shall be made when the rotor and the main bearings have reached their normal steady-state operating temperatures and with the machine running under normal conditions with respect to voltage, flow, pressure and load, etc. Machines with fixed speeds or loads shall be tested at the rated conditions
47、. Machines with varying loads shall be tested at all conditions at which the machine would be expected to operate for prolonged periods. Variable speed machines should be tested at the maximum speed and load that will be encountered in operation. References give limits of at least 500 Hz for a probe
48、 tip, 2 kHz for flat magnetic mounts, and 6 kHz for stud mounting (Eshleman, 1999). NOTE 1 A probe tip is usually not necessary and is to be avoided when possible. NOTE 2 A magnetic mount is acceptable for most applications. NOTE 3 The contribution of high-frequency bearing tones to a broadband valu
49、e is minimal. The criteria apply to all operating conditions and speeds, including resonances in the operating range. They do not apply during transient changes, such as during start-up and shut-down. If excessive background vibration is suspected, measurements should be made to determine the degree of external influence with the machine secured, or with the background vibration secured (i.e., at the dock), or with spectral analysis or by testing a similar machine in the same area. The main propeller shaft speed in rpm as well as the forward
