1、 ANSI/ASA S2.75-2017/Part 1 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Shaft Alignment Methodology, Part 1: General Principles, Methods, Practices, and Tolerances Accredited Standards Committee S2, Mechanical Vibration and Shock Standards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America 300 Walt Whitman Road, Suite 300 Me
2、lville, NY 11747ANSI/ASAS2.75-2017/Part1 The American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) is the national coordinator of voluntary standards development and the clearinghouse in the U.S.A. for information on national and international standards. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an or
3、ganization of scientists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and diffuse the knowledge of acoustics and to promote its practical applications. ANSI/ASA S2.75-2017/Part 1 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Shaft Alignment Methodology, Part 1: General Principles, Methods, Practices, and Tolerances Secret
4、ariat: Acoustical Society of America Approved on June 6, 2017, by: American National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract This standard establishes methodology consistent with industry best practices for the measurement, analysis, and correction of alignment of shafts on rotating machinery coupled by
5、means of a flexible coupling where such shafts are supported by two bearings in independent, horizontally mounted machine cases. Electric motors driving a pump, fan, or similar machine are examples of this type of machinery. Rigidly coupled machines are outside of the scope of Part 1 of this standar
6、d. The methodology addresses conditions for machinery mounting which directly affects shaft alignment, methods for measuring the amount of shaft misalignment, and practices for relocating machine cases to achieve proper shaft alignment. Tolerances are provided in a system of Alignment Quality Grades
7、. Ancillary information for shaft alignment is provided in eight Annexes. Part 2 of this standard provides definitions of terminology unique to the alignment of machinery that has been in common use among engineers and technicians working in the field. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Ac
8、oustical Society of America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accredited Standards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on Bioacoustics, S3/SC 1 on Animal Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. These committees have wide representation from the technical community (manufact
9、urers, consumers, trade associations, organizations with a general interest, and government representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustical Society of America through the American Institute of Physics as American National Standards after approval by their respective Standards Committ
10、ees and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These standards are developed and published as a public service to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State, and local governments. Each of the accredited Standards Committees (operating in accord
11、ance with procedures approved by ANSI) is responsible for developing, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its own Standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers Committee organization and activity and provides liaison between the Accredited Standards Committees and ANSI. After the Standar
12、ds have been produced and adopted by the Accredited Standards Committees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, the ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution. An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its sc
13、ope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requi
14、res that all views and objections be considered and that a concerted effort be made towards their resolution. The use of an American National Standard is completely voluntary. Their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has approved the Standards or not, from manufactu
15、ring, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the Standards. NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm
16、, revise, or withdraw this Standard. Acoustical Society of America Standards Secretariat 1305 Walt Whitman Road, Suite 300 Melville, New York 11747 Telephone: 1 (631) 390-0215 Fax: 1 (631) 923-2875 E-mail: asastdsacousticalsociety.org 2017 by Acoustical Society of America. This standard may not be r
17、eproduced in whole or in part in any form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose not falling within the provisions of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publisher. For permission, address a request to the Standards Secretariat of the Acous
18、tical Society of America. 2017 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iContents 1 Scope and purpose . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Safety 2 5 Measurement 2 5.1 Measurement methods and tools to determine offline shaft centerline positions . 2 5.2 Optical methods .
19、 3 5.3 Measurement repeatability 3 5.4 Factors affecting measurements . 3 5.5 Calibration 4 6 Factors that influence the response to alignment corrections 4 6.1 Machinery structural supporting system 4 6.2 Machinery degradation 7 6.3 Vibration from nearby machinery . 7 7 Analysis . 7 7.1 Alignment n
20、eeds assessment 7 7.2 Alignment condition assessment . 8 7.3 Alignment modeling . 13 8 Correcting misalignment conditions 13 8.1 Equipment hold-down bolts (foot bolts) . 13 8.2 Bolt bound / base bound 14 8.3 Controlled movement techniques 14 8.4 Axial spacing or coupling gap 14 9 Documentation 14 An
21、nex A (informative) Alignment principles . 16 A.1 Shaft centerline geometry 16 A.2 Tolerances . 18 A.3 Machine casing distortion 19 Annex B (Informative) Formulas for calculating the moves at the feet from raw readings at the shafts 21 B.1 Single unit movement correction mathematics 21 Annex C (Info
22、rmative) Identifying and correcting pipe strain when performing shaft alignment on pumps 24 2017 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iiAnnex D (Informative) Offline to running (OLTR) machinery movement . 26 D.1 Mechanical changes that may occur quickly from offline to running . 26 D.2
23、Thermal changes that occur slowly . 26 D.3 Determining OLTR movement . 26 Annex E (Informative) Laser-detector systems 32 Annex F (Informative) Alignment modeling solutions . 35 F.1 Alignment modeling basic concept 35 F.2 Practical modeling solutions 35 Annex G (Informative) Repeatability 41 Annex H
24、 (Informative) Alignment and machinery installation checklist . 42 Tables Table 1 Guidelines for leveln ess, flatness, coplanarity of general process machinery. 5 Table 2 Shaft r unout tolerances 6 Table 3 Shaft-to-shaft alignm ent tolerances for common RPM values expressed in angle at flex plane .
25、12 Table 4 Shaft-to-shaft alignm ent tolerances for common RPM values for coupling span 3 inches or greater, or for couplings with elastomeric CML expressed as offset and angularity 13 Figures Figure 1 Standard shim s izes and dimensions . 6 Figure 2 A comprehensive approach to alignment condition a
26、sse ssment 9 Figure 3 Flex planes, span and coupling mechanical link (CML) 10 Figure 4 Offset at the midspan and angularity, for horizontal and vertical planes 10 Figure 5 Misalignment represen ted as angles at the flex planes: nullnullnullnullnull nullnullnullnullnullnull nullnullnullnullnullnullnu
27、ll nullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnullnull 11 Figure 6 Alignment quality grades illustration. . 11 Figure A.1 Offset at the mids pan and angularity, for horizontal and vertical planes. 17 Figure A.2 Misalignment represented as angles at the flex pla nes. . 17 Figure A.3 Shaft center
28、line positions using orthogonal dimens ions. 18 2017 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iiiFigure A.4 Actual misalignment and orthogonal misalignment . 19 Figure B.1 Single unit movemen t misalignment corrections for the Face Rim method. 21 Figure B.2 Single unit movemen t misalignmen
29、t corrections for the Reverse Indicator method. 22 Figure B.3 Single unit movemen t misalignment corrections for the Double Radial method. 22 Figure B.4 Single unit movemen t misalignment corrections for the Shaft to Coupling CML method. 23 Figure B.5 Single unit movemen t misalignment corrections f
30、or the Face Face method. . 23 Figure D.1 Therma l strain equation . 27 Figure D.2 OLTR movemen t on a motor and a pump . 28 Figure D.3 Desired offline side view of motor and pump. . 29 Figure D.4 Desired offline t op view of motor and pump. . 29 Figure D.5 Sign conventions for OLTR offline values. 3
31、0 Figure D.6 VO-VA offline offset and angularity values. . 30 Figure D.7 HO-HA offline o ffset and angularity values. 31 Figure E.1 Laser, detector , and roof prism method. 32 Figure E.2 Single laser , dual detector method. . 33 Figure E.3 Dual laser, s ingle detector method. . 33 Figure E.4 Dual la
32、ser, dual detector method. 34 Figure F.1 A basic model of a s imple motor-pump machine. Foot corrections are shown based on the offset and angularity at the coupling. 35 Figure F.2 Fan and mo tor drive system 36 Figure F.3 Side view alignmen t model of the fan and motor drive system showing the dime
33、nsional information. . 37 Figure F.4 Side view alignment m odel showing both the offline and running shaft positions. 38 Figure F.6 Side view alignment m odel showing the running shaft positions (red lines), the bore centerline of the fan housing (dashed pink line), the vertical movement restriction
34、s (top edge of translucent orange boundary condition layer), the final desired alignment line (dashed purple line), and the corrective vertical movement solutions. 39 Figure F.7 Top view alignment m odel showing the running shaft positions, the bore centerline of the fan housing, the lateral movemen
35、t restriction, the final desired alignment line, and the corrective lateral movement solutions. . 40 2017 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iv Foreword This Foreword is for information only, and is not a part of ANSI/ASA S2.75-2017/Part 1 American National Standard Shaft Alignment Me
36、thodology, Part 1: General Principles, Methods, Practices, and Tolerances. As such, this Foreword may contain material that has not been subjected to public review or a consensus process. In addition, it does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard. This standard comprises
37、 a part of a group of definitions, standards, and specifications for use in mechanical vibration and shock. It was developed and approved by Accredited Standards Committee S2, Mechanical Vibration and Shock, under its approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been accredited by the Americ
38、an National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Scope of Accredited Standards Committee S2 is as follows: Standards, specification, methods of measurement and test, and terminology in the field of mechanical vibration and shock, and condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines, including the effects
39、 of exposure to mechanical vibration and shock on humans, including those aspects which pertain to biological safety, tolerance and comfort. This standard is not comparable to any existing ISO Standard. At the time this Standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S2, Mechanical Vibratio
40、n and Shock for approval, the membership was as follows: C.F. Gaumond, Chair J.T. Nelson, Vice-Chair N.B. Stremmel, Secretary Acoustical Society of America . C.F. Gaumond . J.T. Nelson American Industrial Hygiene Association . D. Driscoll Association of American Railroads . J. Moller . N. Cooperride
41、r (Alt.) Bose Corporation . J. Parison Calnetix L.A. Hawkins . P. McMullen (Alt.) Caterpillar, Inc. D.G. Roley Duke University Dept. of Biomedical Engineering C.R. Bass Eckardt Johanning, MD, P.C. . E. Johanning Emerson Electric Copeland Corporation . A.T. Herfat Engineering Dynamics, Inc. S. McGreg
42、or FLIR Systems . G.L. Orlove Fokus Reliability . .G. Hakansson G.E. Energy R. Bankert 2017 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved vJohn Deere L. DeVries Logan Mullinix Consulting L. Mullinix Mechanical Solutions, Inc. W.D. Marscher . M. Onari (Alt.) National Institute for Occupational Sa
43、fety and Health (NIOSH) R. Dong . T.W. McDowell (Alt.) National Institute of Standards FAX: 631-923-2875; E-mail: asastdsacousticalsociety.org. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ASA S2.75-2017/Part 1 2017 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 1American National Standard Shaft Alignment Met
44、hodology, Part 1: General Principles, Methods, Practices, and Tolerances 1 Scope and purpose This Standard is the application of alignment concepts concerning relative positions of rotating shafts connected by mechanical means. It contains specific tolerances, factors affecting alignment, and an ove
45、rview of various measurement methods, following the core technical components of Measure, Analyze, Correct, and Document. The intended users are craftspersons, front line supervisors, maintenance managers, procedure writers, construction managers, and engineers who design, install, or maintain rotat
46、ing machinery. The potential consequences of not following this standard are accelerated wear of machine components (bearings, couplings, and seals), shortened machine life, unscheduled outages, and hazards to personnel. This standard covers the general configuration of two machines (usually horizon
47、tal) and four-bearing systems with rotating shafts. It does not cover vertical machines, strategies for aligning multiple (three or more) machine train systems, large and heavy machines with significant shaft sag, Cardan shaft with universal joints, three bearing machines (diesel generator sets), no
48、r bore alignments. The principles presented here may also be applicable to these other machine configurations. The purpose of this standard is to establish guidelines of acceptability for alignment of rotating machinery. The guidelines are based on industry best practices and experience gained in re
49、liability. The requirements and recommendations placed here are intended to result in consistent and uniform final operating conditions at the machine. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ANSI/ASA S2.75-2017/Part 2 Shaft Alignment Methodology, Part 2:
