1、 ANSI/ASA S3/SC1.6-2018 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Procedure for Determining Audiograms in Toothed Whales through Evoked Potential Methods Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1, Animal Bioacoustics Standards Secretariat Acoustical Society of America 1305 Walt Whitman Road, Suite 300 Melville, NY 11
2、747ANSI/ASAS3/SC1.6-2018 The American National Standards Institute, Inc. (ANSI) is the national coordinator of voluntary standards development and the clearinghouse in the U.S.A. for information on national and international standards. The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is an organization of sc
3、ientists and engineers formed in 1929 to increase and diffuse the knowledge of acoustics and to promote its practical applications. ANSI/ASA S3/SC1.6-2018 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD Procedure for Determining Audiograms in Toothed Whales through Evoked Potential Methods Secretariat: Acoustical Societ
4、y of America Approved on May 31, 2018, by: American National Standards Institute, Inc. Abstract This standard describes measurement procedures for obtaining audiograms in odontocete cetaceans (i.e., toothed whales) via evoked potential methods, specifically by generation of the auditory steady-state
5、 response (ASSR). Methods are specified for the use of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) tones and trains of tone bursts. It further establishes standards for reporting data collection methods, analyses, and hearing thresholds. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS ON ACOUSTICS The Acoustical Society of
6、America (ASA) provides the Secretariat for Accredited Standards Committees S1 on Acoustics, S2 on Mechanical Vibration and Shock, S3 on Bioacoustics, S3/SC 1 on Animal Bioacoustics, and S12 on Noise. These committees have wide representation from the technical community (manufacturers, consumers, tr
7、ade associations, organizations with a general interest, and government representatives). The standards are published by the Acoustical Society of America as American National Standards after approval by their respective Standards Committees and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Thes
8、e standards are developed and published as a public service to provide standards useful to the public, industry, and consumers, and to Federal, State, and local governments. Each of the Accredited Standards Committees (operating in accordance with procedures approved by ANSI) is responsible for deve
9、loping, voting upon, and maintaining or revising its own Standards. The ASA Standards Secretariat administers Committee organization and activity and provides liaison between the Accredited Standards Committees and ANSI. After the Standards have been produced and adopted by the Accredited Standards
10、Committees, and approved as American National Standards by ANSI, the ASA Standards Secretariat arranges for their publication and distribution. An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its scope and provisions. Consensus is established when, in the judg
11、ment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered and that a con
12、certed effort be made towards their resolution. The use of an American National Standard is completely voluntary. Their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he or she has approved the Standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or
13、procedures not conforming to the Standards. NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this Standard. Acoustical Society of Ame
14、rica ASA Secretariat Melville, New York 11747 Telephone: 1 (631) 390-0215 Fax: 1 631-923-2875 E-mail: asastdsacousticalsociety.org 2018 by Acoustical Society of America. This standard may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for sale, promotion, or any commercial purpose, or any purpose
15、 not falling within the provisions of the U.S. Copyright Act of 1976, without prior written permission of the publisher. For permission, address a request to the Standards Secretariat of the Acoustical Society of America. 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iContents 1 Scope . 1 2
16、 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions . 2 4 General equipment requirements 3 4.1 Evoked response waveform sampling 3 4.2 Evoked response amplification and filtering . 3 4.3 Sound projection . 3 5 Stimulus waveforms for threshold audiometry . 4 5.1 Range of frequencies to be tested 4 5.2
17、Sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) tones . 4 5.3 Multiple SAM tone stimulus 5 5.4 Tone-burst trains . 6 6 Calibration of acoustic stimulus waveforms . 6 6.1 Distance requirements 6 6.2 Calibration of acoustic stimuli . 7 6.3 Frequency accuracy . 7 6.4 Accuracy of sound pressure level . 7 7 Metho
18、d of estimating threshold 7 7.1 Objective response detection . 7 7.2 Level of first presentation . 7 7.3 Level of subsequent presentations . 7 7.4 Threshold determination . 8 8 Reporting of results 8 8.1 Audiogram form 8 8.2 Other information 8 9 Determination of the modulation rate transfer functio
19、n (MRTF) 8 10 Background noise 9 10.1 Acoustic noise . 9 10.2 Residual electroencephalogram noise 9 11 Recommended testing arrangements 9 11.1 Electrodes . 9 ii 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved Annex A (informative) Recommended calibration distances and contact transducer place
20、ments for audiograms collected with a contact transducer 11 A.1 Introduction . 11 Annex B (informative) Recommended amplitude modulation rates for select small odontocetes 12 B.1 Introduction . 12 Annex C (informative) Methods of specifying the sound pressure level of acoustic transients 13 C.1 Intr
21、oduction . 13 C.2 Relation of SPL to peSPL in transients 13 Figures Figure 1 Example audiogram of a fictitious odontocete. Test stimuli are tone bursts (2-1-2) and the 3-dB frequency bandwidth of the test stimuli are shown in the horizontal error bars. . 8 Tables Table A.1 Recommended calibration di
22、stances and contact transducer placements for audiograms collected with a contact transducer. Note that in some species more than one attachment location appears reasonable for stimulus presentation. Calibration distances are not known for all species. 11 Table B.1 Recommended amplitude modulation r
23、ates for various species of odontocete. . 12 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved iiiForeword This Foreword is for information only, and is not a part of the American National Standard ANSI/ASA S3/SC1.6-2018 American National Standard Procedure for Determining Audiograms in Toothed
24、 Whales through Evoked Potential Methods. As such, this Foreword may contain material that has not been subjected to public review or a consensus process. In addition, it does not contain requirements necessary for conformance to the standard. This standard comprises a part of a group of definitions
25、, standards, and specifications for use in animal bioacoustics. It was developed and approved by Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1 Animal Bioacoustics, under its approved operating procedures. Those procedures have been accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The Scope o
26、f Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1 is as follows: Standards, specifications, methods of measurement and test, instrumentation, and terminology in the field of psychological and physiological acoustics, including aspects of general acoustics which pertain to biological safety, tolerance, and co
27、mfort of non-human animals, including both risk to individual animals and to the long-term viability of populations. Animals to be covered may potentially include commercially grown food animals; animals harvested for food in the wild; pets; laboratory animals; exotic species in zoos, oceanaria or a
28、quariums; or free-ranging wild animals. This standard is not comparable to any existing ISO Standard. At the time this Standard was submitted to Accredited Standards Committee S3/SC 1, Animal Bioacoustics, for approval the membership was as follows: D.S. Houser, Chair K. Fristrup, Vice-Chair N. Stre
29、mmel, Secretary Acoustical Society of America A.M. Thode P.D. Schomer (Alt.) G.R.A.S. Sound FAX: 631-923-2875; E-mail: asastdsacousticalsociety.org. 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved vIntroduction This standard establishes procedures for estimating frequency-specific hearing thr
30、esholds in odontocetes (toothed whales) through the use of auditory evoked potential (AEP) methods. The objective of the standard is to provide consistent guidelines for the collection of audiograms. The rapid proliferation of AEP hearing tests in odontocetes has been accompanied by varied ways of c
31、alibrating test stimuli and calculating hearing thresholds with resulting wide variances in threshold estimates across laboratories for the same species and frequencies tested. The variability has introduced confusion into stakeholder communities that utilize marine mammal hearing thresholds both in
32、 academic contexts, and to predict, mitigate, and regulate the potential impact of sound on marine mammals. This standard establishes consistent test methods and quantities to report so better comparability in odontocete AEP threshold estimates can be achieved. The use of the auditory steady-state r
33、esponse (ASSR) is recommended for obtaining frequency-specific thresholds due to the high amplitude modulation rates that are available for odontocetes, its ease of analysis in the frequency domain, its common usage, and its amenability to objective statistical response detection methods. AMERICAN N
34、ATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/ASA S3/SC1.6-2018 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved 1American National Standard Procedure for Determining Audiograms in Toothed Whales through Evoked Potential Methods 1 Scope The use of AEPs to obtain audiograms from odontocetes (toothed whales) has become
35、 increasingly common. The use of sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) tones to elicit the ASSR is the most typical of the AEP approaches used in determining frequency-specific hearing thresholds in odontocetes. Trains of tone bursts provide an alternative means for eliciting the ASSR, and both app
36、roaches are amenable to objective analysis in the frequency domain. This standard establishes methods for the measurement of the ASSR generated by SAM tones and tone-burst trains in odontocetes, including instructions for appropriate stimulus waveforms and stimulus calibration. The standard further
37、establishes configurations for electrode placement and stimulus delivery, and minimum requirements for reporting electrophysiological and acoustical noise. Data collected according to this standard is to be used in the creation of audiograms for individually tested odontocetes. The data is anticipat
38、ed for use in interspecies comparisons of hearing abilities and to improve the ability to predict and mitigate the potential impact of underwater sound on odontocetes. It is expected that users of the standard will include scientists interested in marine mammal hearing; users of the data collected a
39、ccording to the standard will include academia, regulators, and government and private agencies required to address the potential impact of human-caused sound on marine mammals. Data collected according to the standard will increase comparability of frequency-specific threshold estimates made by dif
40、ferent individuals and laboratories under varying constraints on test conditions. This standard is limited to the determination of frequency-specific hearing thresholds in odontocetes via ASSR evoked potential audiometry; it does not preclude the use of different AEP techniques for studying other as
41、pects of odontocete hearing. None of the procedures described in this standard can be used for monaural hearing tests; all methods described result in binaural stimulation to some degree. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard
42、. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ANSI/ASA S1.1-2013 American National Standard Acoustical Terminology ANSI/ASA S1.11-2014/Part 1/IEC 61260-1:2014 American National Standar
43、d Electroacoustics Octave-band and Fractional-octave-band Filters Part 1: Specifications (a nationally adopted international standard) ANSI/ASA S3.6-2010 American National Standard Specification for Audiometers ANSI/ASA S3.20-2015 American National Standard Bioacoustical Terminology ANSI/ASA S3.21-2
44、004 American National Standard Methods for Manual Pure-Tone Threshold Audiometry IEC 60645-3:2007 Electroacoustics Audiometric equipment Part 3: Test signals of short duration ISO 389-6-2007 Acoustics Reference zero for the calibration of audiometric equipment Part 6: Reference threshold of hearing
45、for test signals of short duration ANSI/ASA S3/SC1.6-2018 2 2018 Acoustical Society of America All rights reserved ISO 18405:2017 Underwater Acoustics Terminology 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this standard, the terms and definitions given in ANSI/ASA S1.1, ANSI/ASA S3.20, ANSI/ASA S3.
46、21, ISO 389-6, and ISO 18405 and the following apply: 3.1 amplitude modulation. The modulation of the envelope of a carrier signal (often a sine wave of a specified frequency). The carrier signal, frequency of modulation, modulation function, and depth of modulation must be specified (e.g., 1 kHz si
47、nusoidally amplitude-modulated 100 kHz tone with a 100 % modulation depth). NOTE The depth of modulation is the percentage change in the magnitude of the envelope of the carrier signal between its maximum and minimum levels. 3.2 amplitude modulation rate. The frequency of amplitude modulation. 3.3 a
48、uditory steady-state response. Evoked response to a periodic stimulus resulting in a waveform with the same periodicity as the stimulus modulation envelope or repetition rate. Abbreviation, ASSR. 3.4 carrier frequency. Frequency of a sinusoid to which a modulation envelope is applied. 3.5 contact tr
49、ansducer. Sound projector embedded in a suction cup of silicone rubber, or similar substance, with properties (speed of sound, density) similar to that of water. The suction cup couples the transducer to the surface of the odontocete in order to allow efficient sound stimulation in air and to keep the source distance constant. 3.6 evoked potential threshold of hearing. Minimum acoustic stimulus level at which the resultant evoked response is detected. NOTE The method of signal detection used in establishing the threshold must be specified. 3.7 m
