1、 ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008 (R2012) Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable
2、to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment,
3、structures, soil and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only.
4、 Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospe
5、ctive users are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly develope
6、d Standards, Engineering Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements
7、 for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than
8、a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require t
9、hat action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB200
10、8 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008 (R2012) Approved February 2008; reaffirmed February 2013 as an American National Standard Method of Determining and Expressing Fineness of Feed Materials by Sieving Proposed initially by a subcom
11、mittee of the American Feed Manufacturers Association; approved by the ASAE Electric Power and Processing Division Technical Committee; adopted by ASAE December 1968; reconfirmed December 1973, December 1978, December 1983; revised March 1985; revised by the ASAE Food and Grain Processing and Storag
12、e Committee; approved by the Food and Process Engineering Institute Standards Committee December 1989; revised editorially November 1990; reaffirmed December 1994, December 1995; revised October 1996; approved as an American National Standard July 1997; reaffirmed December 2001, February 2003; reaff
13、irmed by ANSI February 2003; Editorially revised March 2003; reaffirmed by ASABE February 2008; revised February 2008; revision approved by ANSI February 2008; reaffirmed by ASABE December 2012; reaffirmed by ANSI February 2013. Keywords: Feed, Particle size, Sieving 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 The purp
14、ose of this Standard is to define a test procedure to determine the fineness of feed ingredients and to define a method of expressing the particle size of the material. Surface area and number of particles per unit mass can be calculated from the determined particle size. 1.2 This Standard should be
15、 used to determine the fineness of feed ingredients where the reduction process yields particles which are primarily spherical or cubical the approximate ratio of major to minor axes is approximately 1.0. It is not adequate to define the particle size of materials such as steamed and rolled grains,
16、which are a flaked product, or products such as chopped hay and fibrous biomass where a substantial fraction consists of elongated particles. 1.3 This Standard is compatible with ISO 565, ISO 2395, ISO 2591-1, ISO 3310-1, and ISO 9276-1. 2 Normative References The following standards contain provisi
17、ons which, through references in this text, constitute provisions of this Standard. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the mos
18、t recent editions of the standards indicated below. Standards organizations maintain registers of currently valid standards. 2.1 ASTM E11-95 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Purposes 2.2 ASTM D1921-89 Test Methods for Particle Size (Sieve Analysis) of Plastic Materials 2.3 ASTM D4749-
19、87 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis of Coal and Designating Coal Size 2.4 ASTM D4570-86 Test Methods for Rubber Chemicals Determination of Particle Size of Sulfur by Sieving (Dry) ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 2.5
20、ISO 565:1990 Test sieves Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheetNominal sizes of openings 2.6 ISO 2395:1990 Test sieves and test sieving Vocabulary 2.7 ISO 2591-1:1988 Test sieving Part 1: Methods using test sieves of woven wire cloth and perforated metal plate 2.8 ISO 3310-
21、1:1990 Test sieves Technical requirements and testing Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth 2.9 ISO 9276-1:1990 Representation of results of particle size analysis Part 1: Graphical representation 3 Definitions The following is a list of the definitions for the terms related to this Standard. Refe
22、r to ISO 2395 for more general terminology of test sieving. 3.1 aperture size: Dimension defining an opening. 3.2 blinding: Obstruction of the apertures of a sieving medium by particles of material being sieved. 3.3 charge: A test sample, or part of a test sample, placed on a test sieve or a nest of
23、 test sieves. 3.4 cumulative oversize distribution curve: A curve obtained by plotting the total percentages by mass retained on each of a set of sieves of descending aperture size against the corresponding aperture sizes. 3.5 cumulative undersize distribution curve: A curve obtained by plotting the
24、 total percentages by mass passing through each of a set of sieves of descending aperture size against the corresponding aperture sizes. 3.6 dispersion agent: Non-toxic chemicals that help break up agglomerates. 3.7 end-point: The point in time after which further sieving fails to pass an amount suf
25、ficient to change the result significantly. 3.8 frame: A rigid framework that supports the sieving medium and limits the spread of the material being sieved. 3.9 log-normal standard deviation: The standard deviation of the logarithm of particle diameters in a log-normal size distribution curve (refe
26、r to equation 2). 3.10 median size: Particle diameter at 50% probability of a size distribution curve. Equivalent to geometric mean diameter (see equation 1). 3.11 nest of test sieves: A set of test sieves assembled together with a lid (cover) and a receiver (pan). 3.12 oversize: That portion of the
27、 charge that has not passed through the apertures of a stated sieve. 3.13 sample: A representative part taken from a quantity of material. 3.14 sieving: The process of separating a mixture of particles according to their size by means of one or more sieves. 3.15 size distribution curve: A graphical
28、representation of the results of a size analysis. 3.16 test sieve: A sieve, intended for the particle size analysis of the material to be sieved, that conforms to a test sieve standard specification. 3.17 undersize: That portion of the charge that has passed through the apertures of a stated sieve.
29、3.18 woven wire cloth: A sieving medium of wires that cross each other to form the apertures. ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 4 Test Equipment 4.1 A set of woven wire-cloth sieves having a frame diameter of either 200 mm (ISO 565
30、) or 203 mm (8 in.) (ASTM Standard E11) are used. With the most common shaking equipment, sieves having a height of 25 mm (1 in.) or half-height sieves are most suitable to avoid the necessity of resieving the finer fraction. These sieves should consist of the aperture sizes shown in table 1. Table
31、1 Aperture sizes for test sieves ISO 3310-1 Supplementary Sizes R40/3 US Sieve No. US Sieve Opening Tyler Designation mm mm in. 4.75 4 4.76 0.187 4 3.35 6 3.36 0.132 6 2.36 8 2.38 0.0937 8 1.70 12 1.68 0.0661 10 1.18 16 1.19 0.0469 14m m 850 20 841 0.0331 20 600 30 595 0.0234 28425 40 420 0.0165 353
32、00 50 297 0.0117 48 212 70 210 0.0083 65150 100 149 0.0059 100106 140 105 0.0041 150 75 200 74 0.0029 20053 270 53 0.0021 270Pan 4.2 A sieve shaker, such as a Tyler Ro-Tap1), Retsch1), or equivalent unit, is required. 4.3 A balance that can weigh to an accuracy better than 0.1% of the charge mass sh
33、ould be used. 4.4 Sieve agitators such as plastic or leather rings, or small rubber balls may be required to break up agglomerates on finer sieves, usually those smaller than 300 mm in opening (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 50. 4.5 A dispersion agent2)can be used to facilitate sieving of high-fat or o
34、ther materials prone to agglomeration. 4.6 Sieve openings must be kept free of feed particles so that normal sieving can be accomplished. A stiff bristle sieve cleaning brush, or compressed air, is useful for cleaning sieves clogged due to blinding. Sieves must be cleaned periodically to remove oil.
35、 Oil can be removed by washing with water containing a detergent. Sieves must be dried before use. 5 Method of Sieving 5.1 A charge of 100 g should be used, although larger or smaller charges may be used if necessary. Extra care shall be taken to recover all material from the sieves when smaller cha
36、rges are used. 1)Registered trade name. 2)Dispersion agents include Cab-O-Sil MS available from the Cabot Corp., Boston; Ziolex 23A and Zeofree 80 available from the J. M. Huber Corp., New York; and Flo-Gard available from the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., St. Louis, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbo
37、nate, and zeolyte. ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 5.2 Place the charge on one sieve or the top sieve of the nest of test sieves and shake until the mass of material on any one sieve reaches end-point. End-point is decided by det
38、ermining the mass on each sieve at 1-min intervals after an initial sieving time of 10 min. If the mass on the smallest sieve containing any material changes by 0.1% or less of the charge mass during a 1-min period, the sieving is considered complete. For industrial applications, the end-point deter
39、mination process can be omitted, and the end-point is set to be the sieving time of 15 min. 5.3 For hand-sieving, take the test sieve or nest of test sieves in one hand, or cradle it in the crook of the arm if too heavy. Incline the sieve (or the nest) at an angle of about 20 with the point at which
40、 the sieve is held in the lower position, and tap the sieve (or nest) approximately 120 times a minute with the other hand. After tappings, return the test sieve to a horizontal position, turn 90 and give a hard tap by hand against the sieve frame. From time to time the sieve may also be shaken vert
41、ically. 5.4 Mass of material on all sieves should be determined and recorded. 5.5 If a dispersing agent is required, it should be added at a level of 0.5% relative to total charge mass, and its effect on particle size need not be considered. 5.6 If 20% or more of the material by mass passes the smal
42、lest sieve, the fine material should be subjected to a non-sieving particle size analysis, such as microscopic measurement or sedimentation testing, and such analysis should be reported separately. 6 Data Analysis 6.1 Particle size data can be presented in histograms, density distributions and cumul
43、ative distributions. The procedures and nomenclature specified in ISO 9276-1 apply to this Standard. 6.2 Calculation of particle size, surface area, and number of particles by mass calculations is based on the assumption that particle sizes of all ground feeds and feed ingredients are logarithmic-no
44、rmally distributed. 6.2.1 The size of particles can be reported in terms of geometric mean diameter (or median size) and geometric standard deviation by mass. 6.2.2 Calculation formulas, based on the derivations by Pfost and Headley (1976) and Sokhansanj and Yang (1996), are as follows: ()=niiniiigw
45、WdWd111loglog (1) ()3.2loglogln2/1112logSWddWSniinigwii=(2) ()1log1log1loglog21 SSdSgwgw(3)where: di is nominal sieve aperture size of the ithsieve, mm di+1 is nominal sieve aperture size in next larger than ithsieve (just above in a set), mm dgwis geometric mean diameter or median size of particles
46、 by mass, mm, or is geometric mean diameter or median size of particles on ithsieve, mm, or ANSI/ASAE S319.4 FEB2008 (R2012) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 is (di di+1)1/2, which is ld Slogis geometric standard deviation of log-normal distribution by mass in te
47、n-based logarithm, dimensionless Sln is geometric standard deviation of log-normal distribution by mass in natural logarithm, dimensionless Sgwis geometric standard deviation of particle diameter by mass, mm Wiis mass on ithsieve, g n is number of sieves +1 (pan) Slogcan, in addition to equation 2,
48、also be determined by graphical method as: =16505084logloglogddddS(4) ()168421ddSgw(5)where: d84is particle diameter at 84% probability d50 is particle diameter at 50% probability d16is particle diameter at 16% probability 6.2.3 Material passing a 53-m sieve (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 270 should b
49、e considered to have a mean diameter of 0.045 or 0.044 mm, respectively, and di is equal to 0.045 mm or 0.044 mm, respectively. The geometric mean diameter (or median size) of particles larger than the aperture size of 4.75 mm (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 4 is determined by using the 6.70 mm sieve (ISO 3310-1) or US sieve No. 3 with a sieve aperture size of 6.73 mm ( )276.4 as the ith+ 1 sieve. 6.2.4 The equation for estimating the total surface area of particl
