1、 ANSI/ASAE S459 MAR1992 (R2017) Shear and Three-Point Bending Test of Animal Bone American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and
2、biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water
3、resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engage
4、d in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible
5、 for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Pr
6、actices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus
7、, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not
8、necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodi
9、cally to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASAE S459 MAR1992 (R2017) Copyright American
10、Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE S459 MAR1992 (R2017) Approved February 1993; reaffirmed January 2017 as an American National Standard Shear and Three-Point Bending Test of Animal Bone Developed by the ASAE Physical Properties of Agricultural Products Committee: approved
11、by the ASAE Food and Process Engineering Institute Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE March 1992; approved as an American National Standard February 1993; revised editorially and reaffirmed by ASAE December 1996; reaffirmed by ANSI March 1998; reaffirmed by ASAE December 2001, January 2007; reaffi
12、rmed by ANSI January 2007; reaffirmed by ASABE January 2012; reaffirmed by ANSI February 2012; reaffirmed by ASABE January 2017. Keywords: Animal, Bone, Test 1 Purpose 1.1 This Standard is designed for use in determining the mechanical properties of animal bones such as the ultimate shear strength,
13、ultimate bending strength, apparent modulus of elasticity, and fracture energy. 2 Scope 2.1 Shear and bending tests of intact animal bones provide an objective method for evaluating the effects of age, sex, nutrition, contaminants, and environment on the physical condition of the animal. 2.2 Underst
14、anding the problems encountered in evaluating the mechanical properties of animal bones and attempting to compare the results of previous investigators, has led to the need for a standard procedure for testing, data interpretation, and reporting of results. 2.3 The type of test selected, shear or th
15、ree-point bending, will be dependent on the size and shape of the bone. The three-point bending tests should be used only when the bone is straight, has a symmetrical cross section, and has a support length to diameter ratio greater than 10. The shear test is good for any size or shape of bone. 2.4
16、Determination of the shear or bending properties of animal bone requires the development of a force-deformation curve. From a shear force-deformation curve, ultimate shear force, ultimate shear strength (stress), and fracture energy can be obtained. From a bending force-deformation curve, ultimate b
17、ending force, deformation to fracture, ultimate bending strength (stress), apparent modulus of elasticity, and fracture energy can be obtained. Any of these mechanical properties can be used for the purpose of evaluation, and it is recommended that more than one property be used. 3 Definitions 3.1 F
18、orce: Fracture load applied to the test specimen. 3.2 Deformation: Amount specimen deflects under load. 3.3 Force-deformation curve: A graph (see Figure 1) with values of deformation on the abscissa and values of force on the ordinate. ANSI/ASAE S459 MAR1992 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agr
19、icultural and Biological Engineers 2 Figure 1 Force deformative curve 3.4 Ultimate shear strength: Maximum shear stress that can be sustained by a material before rupture caused by a shear load. 3.5 Ultimate bending strength: Maximum bending stress developed in a material before rupture caused by a
20、flexural load. 3.6 Fracture energy: The energy required to deform a material to the point of fracture. It is the area under the force-deformation curve up to the point of fracture (see Figure 1). 3.7 Stress-strain diagram: Graph of stress as a function of strain which is constructed from data taken
21、from the force-deformation curve. 3.8 Modulus of elasticity: The slope of the straight line portion of a stress-strain diagram. 3.9 Apparent modulus of elasticity: When a material is inelastic (bone), loading and unloading the material several times within the linear limit may produce loading and un
22、loading curves that may give different values for the modulus of elasticity. The apparent modulus of elasticity is the value of the modulus calculated from the first loading cycle (see ASAE Standard S368, Compression Test of Food Materials of Convex Shape). 4 Apparatus 4.1 Testing machine. Any testi
23、ng machine capable of applying a constant rate of crosshead movement with the following: 4.1.1 A driving device for the crosshead with a reproducible speed with and accuracy of 1.0%. 4.1.2 A force-deformation indicating mechanism (x-y plotter, chart recorder, data acquisition unit, etc.). The mechan
24、ism must be calibrated before testing. The testing machine should be periodically verified following ASTM Standard E-4, Practices for Load Verification of Testing Machines. ANSI/ASAE S459 MAR1992 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 4.2 Shear testing fixture.
25、 A double shear block arrangement as shown in Figure 2 should be used. The clearance between the 2 sample supports and the shear loading bar shall not exceed 0.05 mm. The radius of curvature of the sample mounting blocks and the loading bar shall depend on the size of the specimen. Figure 2 Double s
26、hear block test fixture 4.3 Three-point bending fixture. The three-point bending test fixture as shown in Figure 3 with adjustable fulcra should be used. The 3 loading supports must be rounded to avoid damage to the specimen. A radius of 4.0 mm is recommended for the 3 supports. The 2 fulcrum points
27、 should be adjustable in order to obtain a support length to test specimen diameter ratio, greater than 10. Figure 3 Three-point bending test fixture 5 Test Specimen and Testing Condition 5.1 Intact bone Specimens will be tested in their original size and shape and free of associated tissue. They ca
28、n be tested under 3 different conditions: (1) fresh, (2) frozen and thawed, or (3) cooked and dried (Wilson et al., 1992). Tests on fresh bone specimens must be conducted before the time of exposure to air exceeds 10 min in order to avoid changes caused by drying of the specimen. Frozen specimens mu
29、st be thawed in plastic bags, brought to room temperature (22 2 C), and tested before drying occurs. Cooked specimens should be air dried for a minimum of 24 h at room temperature before testing. ANSI/ASAE S459 MAR1992 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 6 N
30、umber of Test Specimens 6.1 Because of the large variance inherent in bone specimens, each experiment must be statistically designed to have enough test specimens for an acceptable level of confidence in the results. A minimum of 25 specimens should be used. 7 Testing Procedures 7.1 Measure the exte
31、rior dimensions of the bone cross section using dial or digital calipers with an accuracy of 0.025 mm. Sketch the bone cross section area in order to determine the number of measurements required (see Figure 4). Figure 4 Typical cross sections of bones 7.2 Record details about the animal from which
32、the bones were taken including: age, sex, diet, previous history, etc., before testing. Record the status of the bone: cooked, fresh, or frozen. 7.3 Select the type of test to be performed, shear or bending (Combs et al., 1991). 7.4 If using the bending test, adjust the fulcra points in order to obt
33、ain a support length to bone diameter ratio greater than 10. 7.5 Place the specimen in the test apparatus with the flattest side down. Be consistent in how the specimens are placed in the fixture. 7.6 Set the crosshead speed required for the test. For the shear test, a speed of 5 mm/min should be us
34、ed. For the bending test, a speed of 10 mm/min should be used. If any other speed is used and a comparison is to be made with other reported results, the effect of speed must be considered. For example, Rowland, et al., 1968 have shown that for strength tests on fresh poultry bone, lowering the load
35、ing rate will also lower the ultimate bending force. ANSI/ASAE S459 MAR1992 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 7.7 Adjust the chart speed, if used and select a load scale factor in order to obtain a force-deformation curve that will cover approximately a 15
36、 20 cm portion of the chart. 7.8 Start the machine, and record the force-deformation curve through the point of rupture. 7.9 After testing, clean the marrow from the bone at the fracture location and measure the wall thickness (accuracy of 0.025 mm) at a minimum of 3 places in order to obtain an ave
37、rage wall thickness. 8 Calculations 8.1 Force, F, and deformation, , to rupture. If a recording chart is used, the value of the force is read directly from the chart, but the deflection is determined by multiplying the chart reading by the crosshead speed and dividing by the chart speed. 8.2 The ult
38、imate shear strength (stress) is determined by: AF2= where = shear stress, Pa F = applied fracture force, N A = initial cross-sectional area, m2 8.3 The ultimate bending strength (stress) is calculated by: I4FLC= where = ultimate bending stress, Pa C = distance from neutral axis to outer fiber, m I
39、= moment of inertia, m4 L = distance between supports, m F = applied force, N 8.3.1 Most bone cross sections can be modeled as either a hollow ellipse or a quadrant of an ellipse (see Figure 4). The moment of inertia for a hollow ellipse is: I = 0.049 (BD3) (bd3) For a hollow ellipse: 2DC = For a qu
40、adrant of an ellipse: I = 0.0549 (BD3) (bd3) C = 0.57559 D where B = outside major diameter, m b = inside major diameter, m D = outside minor diameter, m d = inside minor diameter, m ANSI/ASAE S459 MAR1992 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 6 8.4 Apparent mod
41、ulus of elasticity is calculated for three-point bending by: I48FLE3=where E = apparent modulus of elasticity, Pa = deformation, m 9 Report 9.1 The final report shall include the following: 9.1.1 Date the test was performed. 9.1.2 Complete identification of the bone tested including type, size, shap
42、e, and previous history. 9.1.3 Complete identification of the test used with dimensions of the test fixture, crosshead speed, load scale, and chart speed if used. 9.1.4 Method of placing specimen on test fixture. 9.1.5 Condition of the specimen when tested (fresh, frozen and thawed, or cooked and dr
43、ied). 9.1.6 Number of specimens used. 9.1.7 Type of testing machine. 9.1.8 Calculated results and the type of statistical analysis used to analyze the data. Cited Standards: Normative References ASTM E4, Load Verification of Testing Machines ASAE S368, Compression Test of Food Materials of Convex Sh
44、ape Annex A (informative) References Combs, N. R., E. T. Kornegay, M. D. Lindeman, D. R. Notter, J. H. Wilson, and J. P. Mason. 1991. Calcium and phosphorus requirement of swine from weaning to market weight. Development of response curves for bone data criteria and comparison of bending and shear b
45、one testing, Journal of Animal Science 69:682693. Rowland, L. O., Jr., R. H. Harms, H. R. Wilson, E. M. Ahmad, R. W. Waldroup, and J. L. Fry. 1988. Influence of various dietary factors on bone fragility of caged layers. Poultry Science, 47:507511. Wilson, J. H. and J. P. Mason. 1992. Bone breaking strength as influenced by preconditioning, Transactions of ASAE 35(1):263265.
