1、 ANSI/ASAE S472 DEC1986 (R2017) Terminology for Forage Harvesters and Forage Harvesting American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food
2、, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and
3、water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone
4、engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are respo
5、nsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE”, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineer
6、ing Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE”. Standards designated as “ANSI” are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, con
7、sensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, bu
8、t not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken p
9、eriodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org S T A N D A R D ANSI/ASAE S472 DEC1986 (R201
10、7) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE S472 DEC1986 (R2017) Approved March 1988; reaffirmed January 2017 as an American National Standard Terminology for Forage Harvesters and Forage Harvesting Developed by the ASAE Forage Harvesting and Utilization Commit
11、tee; approved by the ASAE Power and Machinery Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE December 1986; revised editorially February 1988; approved as an American National Standard March 1988; revised editorially July 1989; reaffirmed December 1991; reaffirmed by ANSI September 1992; revised edit
12、orially December 1992; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1996; reaffirmed by ANSI March 1998; reaffirmed December 2001, January 2007, January 2012, January 2017. Keywords: Forage, Harvesters, Terminology 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 The purpose of this Standard is to establish terminology and specifications pe
13、rtinent to forage harvester design and performance. It is intended to improve communication among engineers and researchers and to provide a basis for comparative listing of machine specifications. 2 Forage Harvester Basic Designs 2.1 Forage harvesters are used to harvest and cut crops into short pa
14、rticle lengths. The chopped product may be preserved in storage by ensiling or dehydrating or it may be fed directly to livestock. Forage harvesters may be tractor mounted, pull-type (towed), or self-propelled. 2.2 There are two basic types of forage harvesters; precision cut and non-precision cut.
15、2.2.1 Precision cut forage harvesters: A forage harvester that uses a feeding mechanism to meter the crop into the cutting or shearing mechanism at a uniform velocity; thus, the crop is cut off at regular, “uniform” particle lengths generally ranging from 3 to 50 mm. 2.2.2 Non-precision cut forage h
16、arvesters: A forage harvester that generally uses a rotary impact cutting device to cut standing crop or windrows directly into shorter pieces. The chopped particle length distribution is not uniform due to the random cutting process of the crop stems. A secondary shearing device may be incorporated
17、 into the crop blower to recut the crop into more uniform lengths. Typical particle lengths generally exceed those of precision cut forage harvesters. 3 Forage Harvester Component Terminology and Specifications 3.1 crop gathering headers: Devices used to gather the crop into the forage harvester. Th
18、ey are usually detachable from the forage harvester. 3.1.1 row crop header: A device used to cut off and gather row crops. Cutting of the plant usually takes place near ground level. 3.1.2 maize (ear corn) header: A device used to harvest and gather only the ears of corn (maize). 3.1.3 pickup header
19、: A device for picking up a previously cut crop. The crop may be in a swath or a windrow. ANSI/ASAE S472 DEC1986 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 3.1.4 direct cut header: A device capable of cutting a standing crop across its full width and conveying the
20、cut crop directly into the forage harvester. 3.2 header harvesting widths 3.2.1 row crop and ear corn header harvesting widths: The average distance between the centerlines of adjacent row units multiplied by the number of row units. For single row headers, the harvesting width equals the row center
21、line spacing. Where row crop unit width is adjustable, maximum and minimum distances between row centerlines shall be stated, expressed in centimeters to the nearest whole centimeter. The maximum and minimum harvesting widths shall be expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth, and the number of r
22、ow units shall be stated. 3.2.2 pickup header harvesting width: The minimum distance between the outermost conveying elements, up to and including the header side sheets but not the side sheet flared portions, expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. 3.2.3 direct cut header harvesting width: Th
23、e minimum distance between the side sheets of the harvesting unit measured directly above the forward tips of the sickle sections. For rotary impact cutters, the cutting width is equal to the distance between the innermost and outermost disk/drum centerlines plus one disk/drum diameter. The width sh
24、all be expressed in meters to the nearest hundredth. 3.3 header cutting mechanism: A device on the header used to cut off the standing crop from its root system. The cutting device may be a sickle, rotary impact knives, rotary disk(s), oscillating scissor, or other devices for cutting. 3.3.1 sickle:
25、 A cutting device which uses a reciprocating cutter to cut the standing crop. 3.3.1.1 sickle frequency: The number of cycles which the sickle makes in a given time period. One cycle is the full movement of the sickle in one direction and its return to the starting point. Frequency shall be expressed
26、 in hertz. 3.3.1.2 sickle stroke: The distance that a point on the sickle travels with respect to the centerline of a guard in one half cycle expressed in millimeters. 3.3.2 rotary impact knives: A rotary cutting device using high velocity knives driven about a vertical or horizontal axis to impact
27、cut the standing crop (no stationary knife used). 3.3.2.1 disk cutter: A multiple disk device, using two or more blades per disk, driven about vertical axes from beneath at sufficiently high rotational speeds to achieve impact cutting. 3.3.2.2 drum cutter: A multiple drum device, using two or more b
28、lades per drum, driven about vertical axes from above at sufficiently high rotational speeds to achieve impact cutting. The blades are located at or near the drum bottom. 3.3.2.3 flail cutter: A device using multiple, radially mounted blades that are pivotally mounted on a horizontal rotor to impact
29、 cut. The rotor is positioned transverse to the direction of travel. 3.3.3 rotary disk(s): One or two disks per row crop header row unit are used to shear off the crop. The one disk rotary knife system requires a stationary knife to shear the crop against. The two disk rotary knife system requires e
30、ither a stationary knife or disks that are overlapped and rotated in the opposite directions such that the crop is sheared off at the forward intersection of the two disk peripheries. 3.3.4 oscillating scissor: A device consisting of one pivoting knife with two cutting surfaces per row crop header r
31、ow unit. The knife reciprocates in a semi-circular arc and cuts the crop off against one of two stationary knives. Knife frequency and knife stroke at the forward most cutting point shall be determined as specified in paragraphs 3.3.1.1 and 3.3.1.2. 3.4 header cutting height ANSI/ASAE S472 DEC1986 (
32、R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 3.4.1 sickle, oscillating scissor, and rotary impact disk or drum cutter: The cutting height shall be measured at the forward tip of the cutting element above the plane on which the machine is standing. 3.4.2 rotary flail c
33、utter: The cutting height shall be established at the minimum distance between the cutting blade rotating periphery and the plane on which the machine is standing. 3.4.3 rotary disk(s): The cutting height shall be determined at the point that the stalks are sheared, either at the forward tip of the
34、stationary knife or at the forward intersection of the two rotary knife disks. 3.4.4 The header cutting heights shall be established under the following conditions and expressed to the nearest 5 millimeters. 3.4.4.1 The maximum and minimum heights shall be measured in the highest and the lowest posi
35、tions to which the cutting device can be raised or lowered with the standard lift mechanism. 3.4.4.2 Tire and wheel rim sizes and axle mounting positions shall be stated, and tires shall be inflated to the field operating pressures recommended by the forage harvester manufacturer. 3.4.4.3 For pull-t
36、ype (towed) forage harvesters, the tractor drawbar height shall be stated in millimeters. 3.4.4.4 The plane upon which the forage harvester is standing shall be hard and level. 3.4.4.5 The type of header installed at the time of measuring shall be stated. 3.4.4.6 The crop container of a self-propell
37、ed forage harvester, if so equipped, shall be empty. 3.5 header mass: The mass of the complete header equipped for field operation. If other equipment options affect the mass, such equipment shall be specified. The header mass shall be expressed to the nearest 10 kilograms. 3.6 feeding mechanism to
38、cutterhead (precision cut) 3.6.1 feedrolls: One or more cylindrical rolls (generally with protrusions or flutes) used to gather, compress and meter the crop into the cutterhead. 3.6.2 feedroll throat area: The throat area shall be calculated by multiplying the feedroll housing inside width at the pl
39、ane formed by centerlines of the upper and lower rear feedrolls nearest the cutterhead times the maximum height between the outside diameters of the rear feedrolls, expressed in square centimeters. 3.6.3 theoretical length of cut: A mathematically derived expression which calculates the theoretical
40、stem or particle lengths produced by a forage harvester. In the equation, it is assumed that there is no slippage of crop between the feedrolls and that the stems are cut perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the stem. Theoretical length of cut, TLOC, shall be expressed in mm/knife. The crop mat
41、 velocity represented by the terms in the numerator of the TLOC equation is the average peripheral velocity of the upper and lower rear feedrolls. ()KN/ZNDNDTLOC+=2211where: D1 is upper rear feedroll effective feeding diameter*, mm D2 is lower rear feedroll effective feeding diameter*, mm (if used)
42、N1 is upper rear feedroll speed, r/min N2 is lower rear feedroll speed, r/min (if used) N is cutterhead speed, r/min K is number of cutterhead knives per revolution passing by a fixed point ANSI/ASAE S472 DEC1986 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 Z is numb
43、er of feedrolls used in the TLOC numerator. (Z = 1 for machines with only one feedroll, otherwise Z = 2.) *Feedroll Effective Feeding Diameter: A. smooth feedroll (no protrusions): The effective feeding diameter is equal to the roll OD (outside diameter). B. feedrolls with unmatched protrusions: The
44、 effective feeding diameter is equal to the roll protrusion OD. C. feedrolls with matched protrusions: The effective feeding diameter is equal to the roll protrusion OD minus the depth of one protrusion notch. 3.7 precision cut cutterhead: A device intended to shear the crop into “uniform” short len
45、gths. 3.7.1 cylinder type cutterhead: Knives mounted on cylindrical mountings such that the knives are essentially parallel to the axis of rotation. The number of knives per revolution passing by a fixed point and rotational speed (r/min) shall be specified. The cutterhead diameter and width shall b
46、e expressed in millimeters. 3.7.2 flywheel type cutterhead: Knives mounted essentially radially with the cutting edges describing a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The number of knives, the number of forage impeller blower paddles, if so equipped, and the rotational speed (r/min) shall
47、be specified. The inner and outer effective knife cutting diameters about the axis of rotation shall be expressed in millimeters. The diameter formed by the blower paddles, if so equipped, and the blower housing inside width shall be expressed in millimeters. 3.7.3 stationary knife: A knife that pro
48、vides a stationary edge for the cutterhead knives to shear the crop against. 3.7.4 cutterhead knife rake angle 3.7.4.1 cylinder cutterheads: The knife rake angle is the included angle between the knife leading surface at the cutting tip and a radial line passing through the knife cutting tip (see Fi
49、gure 1). Figure 1 Cylinder cutterhead knife rake angle, 3.7.4.2 flywheel cutterheads: The knife rake angle is the included angle between the knife leading surface at the cutting tip and a line parallel to the cutterhead axis of rotation (see Figure 2). ANSI/ASAE S472 DEC1986 (R2017) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 Figure 2 Flywheel cutterhead knife rake angle, 3.7.5 cylinder cutterhead knife helix angle: The knife helix angle is the arc tangent of the arc length described by the knife cutting edge
