1、 ANSI/ASAE S478.1 FEB2012 (R2016) Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) for Compact Utility Tractors American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agri
2、cultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structu
3、res, soil and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their
4、use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective u
5、sers are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Stand
6、ards, Engineering Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for du
7、e process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simpl
8、e majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that act
9、ion be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASAE S478.1 FEB2012 (R201
10、6) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASAE S478.1 FEB2012 (R2016) Approved February 2012; reaffirmed December 2016 as an American National Standard Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) for Compact Utility Tractors Approved March 1996; reaffirmed March 2005 a
11、s an American National Standard Developed cooperatively by the ASAE Turf and Landscape Equipment Systems Committee and the Equipment Manufacturers Institute Agricultural ROPS Subcommittee; approved by the Power and Machinery Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE September 1995; approved as a
12、n American National Standard March 1996; reaffirmed by ASAE December 1999; reaffirmed by ANSI June 2000; reaffirmed March 2005; periodic review extension approved by ANSI to March 2013 (August 2011) and ASABE to June 2012 (November 2011); revised February 2012; reaffirmed December 2016. Keywords: Ro
13、ll-over, ROPS, Safety, Seat belts, Test procedure, Tractors 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 The purpose of this Standard is to establish the test and performance requirements of a roll-over protective structure, ROPS, designed for compact utility tractors to minimize the frequency and severity of crushing i
14、njury to the operator resulting from accidental tractor upset. 1.2 This Standard applies to compact utility tractors as defined in 3.1. It does not preclude the use of extendable or foldable ROPS as long as these ROPS meet the performance requirements of this Standard. Self-propelled implements are
15、excluded. This Standard does not apply to tractors with mass as defined in 3.3 greater than 1800 kg. 1.3 Test procedures in this standard are limited to compact utility tractors. This Standard does not apply to tractors generally designed for mowing lawns and gardening work as defined in ASAE S323.
16、2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies unless noted. For undated references, the latest approved edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ANSI
17、/ASAE S323, Definitions of Powered Lawn and Garden Equipment ASAE S203, Front and Rear Power Take-Off for Agricultural Tractors ASAE S217, Three-Point Free-Link Attachment for Hitching Implements to Agricultural Wheel Tractors ASTM A370-09ae1, Standard Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
18、of Steel Products ASTM A572M07, Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel ASTM A1008M-09a, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Harde
19、ned, and Bake Hardenable ASTM A1011M-09a, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, and Ultra-High Strength ANSI/ASAE S478.1 FEB2012 (R2016) Copyright American Society of Agricultural
20、 and Biological Engineers 2 ASTM A656M-05e1 Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled Structural Steel, High-Strength Low-Alloy Plate with Improved Formability ISO 612:1978, Road vehiclesdimensions of motor vehicles and towed vehiclesterms and definitions ISO 5353:1995, Earthmoving machinery, and tracto
21、rs and machinery for agriculture and forestryseat index point SAE J114 JUN94, Seat Belt Hardware Webbing Abrasion Performance Requirements SAE J140 JUN95: Seat Belt Hardware Test Procedure SAE J141 JUN95: Seat Belt Hardware Performance Requirements SAE J339: JUN94 Seat Belt Hardware Webbing Abrasion
22、 Test Procedure SAE J1194 APR 2009, Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS) for Wheeled Agricultural Tractors (A) SAE J2194 APR 2009, Roll-Over Protective Structures (ROPS) for Wheeled Agricultural Tractors (A) 3 Definitions 3.1 Compact utility tractor. A small agricultural tractor equipped with a 540
23、 rpm rear PTO (ASAE S203) and a three-point hitch designed for Category 1 (ASAE S217) implements only. These tractors generally have a mass, as defined in 3.3, less than 1800 kg, have less than 30 PTO KW and are primarily designed and advertised for use with mowers and light duty material handling e
24、quipment. 3.2 Roll-over protective structure. ROPS: A cab or frame for the protection of operators of compact utility tractors to minimize the possibility of serious crushing injury to the operator resulting from accidental upset. The ROPS is characterized by providing space for the clearance zone (
25、3.10) inside the envelope of the structure or within a space bounded by a series of straight lines from the outer edge of the structure to any part of the tractor that might come in contact with flat ground and is capable of supporting the tractor in upset position. The mounting structure and fasten
26、ers forming the mounting connection with the tractor are part of the ROPS. 3.3 Tractor mass. The mass of the unloaded tractor in operating order with tanks and radiators full, including protective structure with cladding and any wheel equipment or additional front-wheel drive components required to
27、support the tractor static weight. The operator, optional hitch equipment, optional ballast weights, additional wheel equipment and other special equipment are not included. 3.4 Reference mass. A mass, not less than the tractor mass, selected for calculation of the force and energy inputs to be used
28、 during tests. 3.5 Seat index point, SIP. The seat index point shall be determined in accordance with ISO 5353:1995, with seat adjusted to the midpoint of its adjustments. For a suspended seat, the seat shall be set to the midpoint of the suspension travel, unless this is contradictory to clearly st
29、ated instructions by the manufacturer of the seat. Where special instructions for the seat setting exist, these shall be observed. 3.6 Static test horizontal loading. The application of a horizontal static load to the rear, front, or side of the ROPS. 3.7 Crushing test. The application of a vertical
30、 static load through a beam placed laterally across the uppermost members of the ROPS. The resultant of the initial crushing load shall be in the vertical direction and shall be in a vertical reference plane passing through the SIP and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tractor. 3.8 Vertical r
31、eference plane. A vertical plane, generally longitudinal to the tractor and passing through the SIP and the center of the steering wheel. NOTE: Normally the vertical reference plane coincides with the longitudinal median plane of the tractor (see ISO 612:1978). ANSI/ASAE S478.1 FEB2012 (R2016) Copyr
32、ight American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 3.9 ROPS material. Any material that meets the requirements set forth in 6.9.1. 3.10 Clearance zone. The clearance zone is illustrated in Figures 2 and 3 and is defined in relation to the vertical reference plane. This reference plane
33、shall be assumed to move horizontally with the seat and steering wheel during loading and to remain perpendicular to the tractor or the floor of the protective structure. The clearance zone is defined when the tractor is standing on its wheels on a horizontal surface and, when applicable, the steeri
34、ng wheel is adjusted to the mid-position for seated driving. 4 General Requirements 4.1 Any ROPS meeting the performance requirements of SAE J2194 APR2009, meets the performance requirements of this Standard. ROPS currently being manufactured which meet the requirements of SAE J1194 APR2009 are acce
35、ptable. 4.2 Fulfillment of the intended purpose requires testing as follows. 4.2.1 The temperature-material requirement (see 6.9) can be satisfied by using the appropriate materials. 4.2.2 A laboratory test shall be conducted under repeatable and controlled loading, to permit analysis of the ROPS fo
36、r compliance with the performance requirements of this Standard. 4.2.3 A seat belt anchorage test (see clause 8). 4.3 The test procedures and performance requirements outlined in this Standard are based on currently available engineering data. 5 Symbols m is tractor mass, as defined in 3.3, in kilog
37、rams; mt is reference mass, as defined in 3.4, in kilograms; D is deflection of the ROPS at the point of, and in line with, the load application, in millimeters; Dmax is total deflection of the ROPS during static test corresponding to Ei , in millimeters; D is deflection of the ROPS for the calculat
38、ed energy required, in millimeters; F is static load force, in newtons; Fmax is maximum static load force occurring during loading, with the exception of the overload, in newtons; F is force for the calculated energy required, in newtons; Eis is energy input to be absorbed during side loading, in jo
39、ules; F - D is force-deflection curve; Ei1.1 is energy input to be absorbed during longitudinal loading, in joules; Ei1.2 is energy input to be absorbed during a second longitudinal loading, in joules; Fr is applied force at rear in the crushing test, in newtons; Ff is applied force at front in the
40、crushing test, in newtons; Ei is energy absorbed by the ROPS under F-D the point where D = Dmax, in joules; Ei is total energy absorbed by the ROPS structure after static overload test, in joules. ANSI/ASAE S478.1 FEB2012 (R2016) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4
41、6 Requirements 6.1 The ROPS (per 3.2) shall meet production specifications and if a reduced height position is provided testing shall be done with the ROPS in the fully raised, extended, and locked position. Where a number of tractor models form a family and use the same ROPS, testing may be perform
42、ed based on the largest tractor mass within the family. New ROPS and mounting connections shall be used for conducting the test sequence described in 7.2.1. 6.2 If present, a tread setting for the wheels shall be chosen such that no interference exists with the ROPS during the tests. 6.3 Movable ROP
43、S cab sections, such as windows, or removable sections, such as doors, which may add to structural strength, shall be removed or placed in configurations that contribute least to strength during a test. All normally removable glazing shall be removed before tests are performed. 6.4 If an overhead we
44、ather shield or overhead falling object protective cover is available as an optional attachment to the ROPS, it may be in place during tests, provided it does not contribute to the strength of the ROPS. 6.5 In the case of an offset seat and/or non-symmetrical strength of the ROPS structure, the side
45、 loading shall be on the side more likely to lead to infringement of the clearance zone. 6.6 Repairs or adjustments to the ROPS shall not be made during the test sequence. 6.7 Accuracy of measurement a) Dimensions: 3 mm b) Deflections: 3 mm c) Tractor mass: 20 kg d) Loads and forces: 2% e) Direction
46、 of loading: At start of test: 2 degrees, all loading During test: 10 degrees above to 20 degrees below horizontal for horizontal loads 6.8 If any fixturing used to restrain the tractor breaks or shifts during any test, the test shall be repeated. 6.9 Material requirements. The following requirement
47、s and procedures are intended to provide strength and resistance to brittle fracture at reduced temperature. 6.9.1 The temperature material requirements shall be met if the structural members are from material that exhibits Charpy V-notch impact strengths at 30 C shown in Table 1. Specimens shall be
48、 longitudinal and taken from flat stock, tubular sections, or structural sections before forming or welding for use in the ROPS. Specimens from tubular or structural sections shall be taken from the middle of the side of greatest dimension, not to include welds. There is no Charpy requirement for st
49、eel 2.5 mm or less in thickness with a maximum carbon content of 0.20%. Alternatively, structural members of the protective structure can be made from fully killed steel for which an adequate specification shall be provided (i.e. ASTM A572-07, ASTM A1008M-09a, ASTM A1011M-09a, ASTM A656-05e1), or from materials other than steel that shall have equivalent low temperature impact resistance. ANSI/ASAE S478.1 FEB2012 (R2016) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 Table 1 - Minimum V-notch impact strengths*Specimen
