1、 ASAE S561.1 APR2004 (R2013) Procedure for Measuring Drift Deposits from Ground, Orchard, and Aerial Sprayers American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable
2、 to agricultural, food, and biological systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment,
3、 structures, soil and water resource management, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only
4、. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prosp
5、ective users are responsible for protecting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly develop
6、ed Standards, Engineering Practices and Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirement
7、s for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than
8、 a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require
9、that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ASAE S561.1 APR2004 (R
10、2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 1 ASAE S561.1 APR2004 (R2013) Procedure for Measuring Drift Deposits from Ground, Orchard, and Aerial Sprayers Supersedes ASAE S387, Test Procedure for Measuring Deposits and Airborne Spray from Ground Swath Sprayers. Develope
11、d by the Pest Control and Fertilizer Application Committee; approved by the Power and Machinery Division Standards Committee; adopted by ASAE June 1998; reaffirmed February 2003; revised April 2004; reaffirmed February 2009; November 2013. Keywords: Air assist spraying, Applicators, Atmosphere stabi
12、lity, Mass balance, Reference sprayers, Spray deposition, Spray drift, Spray sampling 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 This Standard establishes a test procedure for use in measuring and reporting in-swath and out-of-swath ground deposits from sprayers. It does not prescribe a procedure for calibration of sp
13、rayers. This Standard recommends the minimum necessary measurements and does not preclude other measurements that might be of value. 1.2 This Standard pertains to three types of sprayers (ground, orchard and aerial) applying agricultural chemicals in a swath. It does not pertain to foggers or other
14、sprayers where the spray is not intended to be deposited in a swath on the land surface or crop canopy. For purposes of this Standard, a test will consist of the application of spray and the measurement and recording of all required or needed deposit, operational, equipment, and weather data. A test
15、 may consist of either one or more than one pass of the sprayer(s) over a specified land area. Researchers are encouraged to consult ISO standard TC23/SC WG N19 CD 22369 for additional guidelines. 1.3 This Standard allows for two procedures: 1) a limited number of tests to be run when a reference sp
16、ray application is used in conjunction with another sprayer/formulation of interest (both tests run temporally close to each other for co-variant statistical analysis) or 2) no reference spray application is required when a substantial number of tests (25 minimum is suggested for a statistical analy
17、sis purposes) are to be run at the same test site. Procedure (1) will permit the direct comparison of the drift from a given sprayer/formulation combination with that caused by the reference spray application. The reference spray application and the test application shall be made temporally close to
18、 each other in order to ensure equality of meteorological conditions. The chemicals or tracers used with the test and reference sprayers must not interfere with one another since spray from both will be deposited on each target. Procedure (2) permits the development of a reasonably large database fo
19、r the purpose of developing and/or testing a drift model. Procedure (2) may also be used in conjunction with a reference spray application. Either procedure can be used for single pass-single swath or multiple pass-multiple adjacent swath tests. 2 Reference Sprayers 2.1 Reference spray application i
20、s described in 2.1.1 The reference spray application provides a basis of comparison between any two spray tests irrespective of the location of the tests or the prevailing weather conditions. The spray carrier for all reference spray applications shall be water. The “reference” and “treatment” spray
21、 booms may be located on the same sprayer for ground tests. Such applications have been developed because it is not desirable to limit all users of this procedure to one size or composition of the targets. 2.1.1 The reference spray application will be seven disc and core nozzles (D4 discs with #25 c
22、ores). The nozzles shall be mounted on a vertical boom and evenly spaced between 1 and 3 m above the ground. All ASAE S561.1 APR2004 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 nozzles shall face the rear (i.e., not tilted up, down or sideways). Gage pressure at the
23、 top nozzle shall be 690 kPa (100psi). The reference sprayer and the test sprayer will apply their sprays as temporally close to each other as possible based on safety considerations. The speed of travel shall be 4 km/h (2.5 miles/h) except for those tests where ground speed is a test variable. 3 Te
24、st Site and Meteorological Conditions 3.1 The test site (Figure 1) shall include a spray line (along which the centerline of the sprayer is operated) and a sample line (along which targets shall be placed to sample spray deposits). The sample line shall be approximately parallel to the wind directio
25、n (within 30), and the spray line shall be perpendicular to the sample line. A sketch and a description of the test site shall be included with the test report and the sketch should include natural barriers (e.g., roads, trees, etc.). The reference and test sprayers may be run in an open, 4/8 Low Cl
26、oud 3/8 Cloud 2 A A-B B F F 2-3 A-B B C E F 3-5 B B-C C D E 5-6 C C-D D D D 6 C D D D D The Neutral category, D, should be assumed for overcast conditions during day or night A Extremely unstable D Neutral B Moderately unstable E Slightly stable C Slightly unstable F Moderately stable 4 Spray Deposi
27、ts 4.1 Targets shall be provided for sampling the quantity of spray material depositing at various locations along the sample line. The shape and material of the targets and their vertical elevation relative to the land surface or crop canopy shall be reported. Use flat targets in the exposed surfac
28、e level and located approximately at the top of the soil surface, grass, or crop that is in the downwind area. Spacing of the targets in the sample line shall be in accordance with paragraphs 4.1.1 and 4.1.2. 4.1.1 Within the intended swath area, identical swath deposit targets shall be equally spac
29、ed along the sample line. A minimum of seven swath samples is recommended. For orchard tests, the swath width will be defined as the distance between adjacent rows of trees or vines. The intended swath width and the in-swath target locations shall be reported. ASAE S561.1 APR2004 (R2013) Copyright A
30、merican Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 For orchard tests involving one swath (single or multiple passes), only the area between the last two rows on the downwind side of the orchard will be sprayed. For tests using multiple, adjacent swaths, the outside of the last downwind row i
31、n the orchard plus the desired number of swaths will be the area sprayed. The one-half swath plus four additional swaths are recommended but a number other than four can be used. The theoretical application rate shall be calculated as the quantity of spray applied per unit area in the swath as if al
32、l of the spray deposited uniformly in the swath and the same shall be reported. The amount deposited on each target in the swath shall be reported as a percentage of the theoretical application rate and may also be reported in quantity of spray per unit area. 4.1.2 In the area downwind from the inte
33、nded swath(s), drift targets are to be geometrically spaced. The first drift target is to be located at either 1 or 3 m (Table 1) with subsequent targets placed using a geometric spacing with the geometric factor being any number between 2 and 5. For example, a geometric spacing for a first drift ta
34、rget location of 1 m and a geometric factor of 3 would be 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, etc. meters. The number of targets and their respective distances from the spray line shall be reported. For orchard sprays, the downward edge of the swath will be defined as 1/2 row spacing downwind of the last orchard row.
35、The location of the first drift target and the recommended distance to the last drift target are listed in Table 1. The quantity of spray deposited on each target shall be reported as a percentage of the theoretical application rate and may also be reported as the quantity of spray per unit area. Th
36、e last several targets may be moved laterally (i.e. offset) from each sample line if such is necessary to position those samples within the spray cloud path. Table 1 Location of the first and last horizontal targets as referenced from the downwind edge of the spray swath Type of Application Location
37、 of First Target Minimum Distance of Last Target* Minimum Horizontal Downwind Target Sizes* Ground, boom with hydraulic nozzles 1 m (3.3 ft) 35 m (115 ft) 50 cm2(8 in2) Ground-off-center, floater or right-of-way clusters of nozzles 1 m (3.3 ft) 75 m (246 ft) 50 cm2(8 in2) Orchard, mist blowers and o
38、ver-the-top booms 3 m (9.8 ft) 100 m (330 ft) 1000 cm2(155 in2) Aerial, 1.8-4.6 m (6-15 ft) flight height 3 m (9.8 ft) 200 m (660 ft) 1000 cm2(155 in2) *Be sure that the most distant target retained for deposit analysis is located no further than d/2 tan (30) where d is the length of the swath and 3
39、0 is the maximum average wind deviation angle (see figure 1) *Target can be composed of 1 or more pieces. One or more sample lines can be used 4.1.3 When the angle between the mean wind direction and the sample line () is not zero, deposit distances shall be corrected to account for the greater dist
40、ance the spray cloud must travel in reaching the sample line. The following procedure should be used for each test. Using the method of least squares, the following equation should be fitted to the data: log Dk = b1k + b2k M + b3k M2(1)where: Dk is deposit at the kth target downwind of the spray lin
41、e, expressed as a percent of the theoretical application rate; M is log(X/cos ); X is distance from the spray line to the kth target, measured along the sample line; is mean angle of deviation between the sample line and the wind direction during the test; the deviation should not exceed 30; bikare
42、coefficients used to obtain the best fit between the equation and the measured data. ASAE S561.1 APR2004 (R2013) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 After the equation for log Dkis established, M is replaced by X and the equation with X is used to calculate wind dir
43、ection-corrected deposits along the sample line. The user should be aware that Equation 1 will not typically produce a valid mass balance. 4.1.4 There are several tracers and measuring devices that can be used to measure the deposit on the targets. Tests should be run to determine the background lev
44、el of the tracer in the test area, as well as the degradation rate, if any, and recovery from the target of the tracer being used. Test results shall be corrected to the basis of zero background, zero degradation, and 100% tracer recovery from each target (but not necessarily 100% of the amount spra
45、yed). 5 Reporting of Results 5.1 A complete test report shall include the following: 5.1.1 The model, size, number, spacing, and orientation of the atomizers used; the combined and individual flow rate of all atomizers, measured within 5%; all other relevant atomizer variables, such as pressure at t
46、he nozzle, spinning disk speed and diameter, etc.; the height of the atomizers above the land or crop surface; the speed of the sprayer and the height of the crop or ground cover, if present. 5.1.2 For air assist sprayers, airflow rate, velocity, outlet geometry and flow direction must be reported.
47、5.1.3 Type and proportion by volume of the carrier medium, the pesticide type(s) and concentration(s) of active ingredient and any additives contained in the spray liquid. For non-liquid pesticides or additives, the mass shall be given per unit volume of carrier medium. 5.1.4 Test site and meteorolo
48、gical conditions as described in section 3. 5.1.5 Spray deposits as described in section 4. 5.1.6 Crop canopy, if present, must be described fully including variety, height, shape, foliage density (such as percent porosity or, less useful, Leaf Area Index). Photographic documentation is suggested. 5.1.7 Studies that are intended to support applications for regulatory permits under EPA FIFRA shall follow Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) Standards, as specified in the Code of Federal Regulations 40, Protection of Environment, part 160, pages 142-154.
