1、 ANSI/ASABE S592.1 AUG2016 Best Management Practices for Boom Spraying American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological
2、systems. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water resource ma
3、nagement, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in indust
4、ry or trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for protec
5、ting themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE”, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Practices and
6、 Data approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE”. Standards designated as “ANSI” are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other
7、 criteria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily
8、 unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodically to re
9、affirm, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASABE S592.1 AUG2016 Copyright American Society of Agric
10、ultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASABE S592.1 AUG2016 Revision approved August 2016 as an American National Standard Best Management Practices for Boom Spraying Developed by the ASABE Application Systems Committee. Approved as an ASABE Standard January 2007; approved by ANSI January 2007; rea
11、ffirmed by ASABE January 2012; reaffirmed by ANSI March 2012; revised and approved by ANSI August 2016. Keywords: Environmental protection, Nozzle selection, Product labels, Production agriculture, Spray drift, Spraying 1 Purpose and Scope 1.1 Purpose of this standard is to identify Best Management
12、Practices (BMPs) to enhance responsible stewardship of pest control products associated with the spray application process, with emphasis on equipment selection, setup, and use for efficient application with minimal off-target spray drift and to comply with the pest control product label. The standa
13、rd codifies basic BMPs for boom spraying in a step-by-step procedure for a wide audience ranging from those with little familiarity with sprayers to seasoned professionals and researchers. Specific steps apply to many boom spray applications, and the concepts presented will apply to most boom spray
14、applications. Applicators must be well informed about the specific recommendations for a given pesticide, and must follow federal, state, and local government laws and regulations on pesticide application. Ordinances should be consulted to ensure compliance with codes that are more restrictive than
15、those presented in this standard. 1.2 Scope of the standard is inclusive of ground-operated horizontal boom sprayers, which are typically used but not restricted to deposit spraying of production fields, pastures, turf and lawns. Boom sprayers with deposition aides such as air-assistance, shields, f
16、oils, or other devices and atomizers that use pneumatic, rotary, electrostatic, or other alternatives each may require additional steps and considerations beyond the minimum basics outlined by this standard to ensure full application benefit of that technology. Similarly, technologies subjected and
17、approved to validation tests of U.S. EPA Drift Reduction Technology program may complement the minimum basics outlined by this BMP. The scope excludes aerial and orchard/vineyard air blast spray applications. 2 Normative References The following referenced documents are indispensable for the applica
18、tion of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. 2.1 ASAE S327, Terminology and Definitions for Applications of Crop or Forestry Production and Protective Agents 2.2
19、ASAE EP367, Guide for Preparing Field Sprayer Calibration Procedures 2.3 ASAE S572, Spray Nozzle Classification by Droplet Spectra 2.4 FAO Guidelines on Good Practice for Ground Application of Pesticides, FAO, 2001, ISBN 92-5-104718-9 2.5 ISO 22368:2004, Crop Protection equipment Test methods for th
20、e evaluation of cleaning systems ANSI/ASABE S592.1 AUG2016 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 Part 1: Internal cleaning of complete sprayers Part 2: External cleaning of sprayers Part 3: Internal cleaning of tank 3 Overview 3.1 Pest control products must be applied
21、 accurately and uniformly to targeted foliage or soil. Too little pesticide results in poor pest control and reduced yields, and/or the potential for pesticide resistance, while too much injures the crop, wastes chemicals and money, and increases the risk of contaminating the environment. Achieving
22、satisfactory results from pesticides depends heavily on pest identification, pesticide selection, spray equipment selection, spray application timing, and sprayer calibration and maintenance. 3.2 BMPs for boom spraying provide guidance to apply pest control products accurately and uniformly. Step-by
23、-step, sequential BMP categories of this standard are outlined in Table 1. All BMP categories should be addressed to ensure accurate and safe application. Omitting and not following any BMP category could jeopardize the application. 3.3 Hydraulic sprayer technology forms the basis for many boom spra
24、yers, and this basic system has ever-increasing levels of advanced technologies available to control spray uniformity, or to handle and apply specific amounts of product to targeted portions of the field. Advanced technologies include, but are not limited to, sprayer controllers, variable-rate techn
25、ology, direct injection systems, pulse-width modulation control of spray nozzles, and other technologies. In terms of BMPs, general impacts of advanced technologies on BMPs are noted herein when applicable. 3.4 Alternative technologies are additional technologies often considered beyond hydraulic sp
26、rayers. In addition to the widely recognized and understood basic variables of nozzle selection, pressure, boom height and application speed, there are other physical and chemical means to alter the spray application that may singly or in combination, increase spray efficacy and/or reduce drift. The
27、 effectiveness of alternative technologies is often complex and at best inadequately defined. Data gaps or lack of conclusive documentation often exists regarding the effectiveness of alternative technologies under a wide range of spray conditions. Alternative technologies are mentioned in this Best
28、 Management Practice document to reduce the risk of them being marginalized. Please refer to Annex A for further descriptions. 4 Best Management Practices (BMPs) for Boom Spraying 4.1 Read product label for specific recommendations/requirements. Pest control product labels should be first consulted
29、for application-specific language. Product labels have legal implications so adherence to application-specific language takes precedence. Product labels may contain, but are not limited to, the following areas as recommendations or requirements: 4.1.1 Equipment selection and setup. Identify any spec
30、ification of sprayer, nozzle, nozzle spacing, nozzle pattern angle, travel speed, spray release height, or other sprayer equipment factors listed on the label. 4.1.2 Spray application rates (l/ha, gal/ac). This information helps determine nozzle flow rate and thereby influences nozzle type, size, op
31、erating pressure, and potentially number of nozzles per row or unit width. ANSI/ASABE S592.1 AUG2016 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 3 Table 1 Sequential BMP categories and section number in this standard. Sequential BMP Categories1 Section Number in Standard Pest
32、icide product label language 4.1 Sprayer operating capabilities 4.2 Spray nozzles and classifications 4.3 Sprayer setup and nozzle selection 4.4 Sprayer calibration 4.5 Chemical mixing 4.6 Spray additives 4.7 Spray timing 4.8 Site assessment 4.9 Spray drift reduction 4.10 Records, safety 4.11, 4.12
33、Pesticide waste and containers 4.13 Final and periodic checks, cleaning, continuing education 4.14-4.17 1 All categories should be followed as best management practices for boom spraying. Note: category titles in this table are abbreviated from section titles in standard.4.1.3 Spray classification/d
34、roplet sizes. Labels may indicate required droplet size as a spray classification category (i.e., extremely fine, very fine, fine, medium, coarse, very coarse, extremely coarse, and ultra coarse) (per ASAE S572). The applicator selects a nozzle based on manufacturers nozzle classification to match t
35、he label classification requirement for droplet size. Some labels indicate droplet size classification corresponding with buffer zones or distance to sensitive areas or to obtain acceptable product efficacy performance. 4.1.4 Product agitation. Many product labels specify mixing requirements, requir
36、ed spray tank additives, sequence to add products, and degree of agitation. Though it may be only a general term, such as “moderate” or “heavy” agitation, it is critical to thoroughly mix the solution. This will increase pump flow requirements if hydraulic agitation is used. Pre-mixing the chemical
37、in a smaller container before adding to the sprayer tank, filled to 1/2 to 2/3 full with water, unless label has other mixing/agitation instructions and provided that this quantity of tank mix is needed, helps achieve uniform mixing. Premix containers should be thoroughly rinsed into the spray tank.
38、 Insufficient agitation may result in non-uniformity of active ingredient concentration across the target field. Large or irregularly shaped tanks when applying wettable powder-type or dispersible granule-type pesticides may be problematic due to “dead spots” in the tank and settling of solids. Or,
39、dry pesticides may float on the surface before uniform mixing. 4.1.5 Adjuvants. Many product labels specify the use of specific adjuvants to provide improved product performance. Adjuvants are often formulation and tank mix specific in their effect, so adhere to the specific recommendations of a pro
40、duct label. 4.1.6 Application type. Some pesticides are volatile and may require incorporation into soil following application. Follow label recommendations to avoid drift from volatile pesticides. 4.2 Identify sprayer operating capabilities (limitations). Sprayer selection depends on sprayer capabi
41、lity. Capabilities may be observed, measured, or specified by the operators manual. The operators manual may not reflect sprayer component wear, replacement component performance, or outdated information. ANSI/ASABE S592.1 AUG2016 Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4
42、 4.2.1 General inspection of sprayer. Carefully examine sprayer components (tank, nozzles, hoses, pressure gauge, pump, etc.) to ensure proper type and size, and ability to function under various conditions (for example, output of most pumps declines with increased pressure). Ensure no leakage from
43、the spraying system and that pressure gauges return to zero with zero line pressure. Check hydraulic tank agitation for adequate flow rate under maximum spray rate conditions, and check mechanical agitation for leaks and effectiveness under load. Check and clean sprayer system screens, strainers, an
44、d filtration systems. Check tire pressure because variations from recommended pressure may affect travel speed and application rate. If the sprayer is equipped for automatic control of spray rate and pressure, controller operation, valve settings, and programming should be understood and verified. 4
45、.2.2 Nozzle spacing. Application equipment generally is set-up with boom nozzle spacing for the sprayer type (i.e., row crop sprayer, floater, etc.). Select nozzle spacing and angle to most efficiently achieve desired results (banding, broadcast, directed spraying, etc.). Some nozzles may be shut-of
46、f or nozzle spacing may be modified for certain applications based on the crop, spray application rate, release height, nozzle flow rate, and pattern angle. Nozzle spacing can vary from 25 to 150 cm (10 to 60 in.) in many applications. Nozzle spacing limits should be considered in selecting nozzles
47、and arrangement on the boom. 4.2.3 Nozzle flow rate and number of active nozzles. Nozzles have flow rate (l/min, gal/min) and pattern limitations. The spray application rate (l/ha, gal/ac) depends on flow rate per unit of boom width, which is determined by the number of nozzles per unit of boom widt
48、h and the flow rate delivered by each nozzle. More nozzles at a closer spacing, multiple nozzles at each outlet, or increased flow rates will provide an increased application rate. If nozzle flow rate is limited, selecting more nozzles per unit of boom width may be necessary to achieve the desired a
49、pplication rate. 4.2.4 Maximum nozzle flow rate. Evaluation of sprayer operating capabilities helps establish the potential flow rate for each nozzle. The maximum flow rate of the selected nozzles will be limited by the flow rate and pressure-delivering capacity of the pump (and controlled by a pressure regulator or flow control valve) minus any agitation requirements. When the application rate is determined according to label instructions, then a nozzle flow rate can be determined using travel speed and nozzle spacing. 4.2.5 Spray pr
