1、 ANSI/ASABE S612 JUL2009 (R2015) Performing On-farm Energy Audits American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers ASABE is a professional and technical organization, of members worldwide, who are dedicated to advancement of engineering applicable to agricultural, food, and biological syste
2、ms. ASABE Standards are consensus documents developed and adopted by the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers to meet standardization needs within the scope of the Society; principally agricultural field equipment, farmstead equipment, structures, soil and water resource managem
3、ent, turf and landscape equipment, forest engineering, food and process engineering, electric power applications, plant and animal environment, and waste management. NOTE: ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data are informational and advisory only. Their use by anyone engaged in industry or
4、 trade is entirely voluntary. The ASABE assumes no responsibility for results attributable to the application of ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data. Conformity does not ensure compliance with applicable ordinances, laws and regulations. Prospective users are responsible for protecting
5、themselves against liability for infringement of patents. ASABE Standards, Engineering Practices, and Data initially approved prior to the society name change in July of 2005 are designated as “ASAE“, regardless of the revision approval date. Newly developed Standards, Engineering Practices and Data
6、 approved after July of 2005 are designated as “ASABE“. Standards designated as “ANSI“ are American National Standards as are all ISO adoptions published by ASABE. Adoption as an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other crit
7、eria for approval have been met by ASABE. Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unan
8、imity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution. CAUTION NOTICE: ASABE and ANSI standards may be revised or withdrawn at any time. Additionally, procedures of ASABE require that action be taken periodically to reaffir
9、m, revise, or withdraw each standard. Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. All rights reserved. ASABE, 2950 Niles Road, St. Joseph, Ml 49085-9659, USA, phone 269-429-0300, fax 269-429-3852, hqasabe.org ANSI/ASABE S612 JUL2009 (R2015) Copyright American Society of Agri
10、cultural and Biological Engineers 1 ANSI/ASABE S612 JUL2009 (R2015) Approved July 2009 as an American National Standard Performing On-farm Energy Audits Developed by ASABE with the cooperation of USDA NRCS. Approved by cross division representation of the society under the guidance of T-11, Energy,
11、and approval of T-01, Standards (Policy reaffirmed December 2015; reaffirmed by ANSI December 2015. Keywords: Audit, Costs, Efficiency, Energy, Management 1 Purpose 1.1 This Standard establishes procedures for performing on-farm audits to determine and document current energy usage, and to provide a
12、n estimation of energy savings from alternatives in the cultivation, protection, harvesting, processing and storage of agricultural commodities and in the feeding, housing and processing of farm animals and animal products. This Standard is provided to guide the reporting of data and the preparation
13、 of specific recommendations for energy reduction and conservation with estimates of energy savings. 2 Scope 2.1 This Standard is intended to support energy audits of all types of farming operations (which includes ranching) typically found in North America. Energy audits shall exclude the farm resi
14、dence, except where it is not practical to separate base line data. 2.2 This Standard does not address secondary (off-farm) energy savings in the development and evaluation of alternatives. For example, reduction in the amount of fertilizer used on a farm would represent a reduction of the associate
15、d energy needed to produce fertilizer for the farm at a fertilizer production facility (off-farm). This type of energy savings is not addressed as a part of this Standard. 3 Definitions 3.1 energy: For the purposes of this Standard energy is the resource used to power equipment to do mechanical work
16、 or to generate heat, light or cooling. 3.2 energy resource: Source from which energy is obtained, including gasoline, diesel fuel, biofuel, propane, natural gas, electricity, solar, wind, wood, biomass, geothermal, etc. 3.3 farm enterprise: Production category of a farm. For example, a farm may inc
17、lude a field crop enterprise and a livestock enterprise (see Table 1). 3.4 major activity: A discrete activity associated with a farm enterprise that utilizes an energy resource, or that heavily impacts energy resource use. For example, a cropping enterprise may include grain drying, crop planting,
18、tilling, and harvesting activities (see Table 1). 3.5 component: Individual parts of a major activity. For example: lighting systems include lamps, ballasts, timers, sensors, etc. (see Table 1). 3.6 energy auditor: A licensed professional engineer or other technically qualified individual who will c
19、ertify that the audit report provided to the farmer/rancher meets the requirements outlined in ASABE S612. ANSI/ASABE S612 JUL2009 (R2015) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 2 Table 1 Suggested Components within Major Activities by Farm Enterprises for Audit Assessme
20、nt Major Activity Components Dairy Swine PoultryFarm Enterprises Aqua- culture Nursery/ Green- house Beef/Veal Field Crops/Fruit Vege- tables Lighting1,7,10 lamps, timers, sensors x6 x x x x x x Ventilation2,7,10,11 fans, control system, variable drives, humidity control x6 x x x x x (aeration) x8,9
21、 Refrigeration5,7,10 compressor, evaporator/ chiller, motor, insulation milk, products6 eggs commodity x Veg/cut flowers Milk harvesting7,10pumps, motors, controllers x6 Controllers7,10 master system automation x x x x x Other motors/ pumps3,4,7,10 Types, compressors x6 x x x x x x x Water heating7,
22、10,12 heater, energy source, insulation, recovery, waterers x6 x x x Air heating/ building environment10 heater, energy source, insulation, recovery, variable drives x x x x x x8,9 Drying10 energy source, airflow (motors/fans), handling equipment x Waste handling collection and dispersal equipment/m
23、ethods x x x x x Air cooling energy source, airflow (motors/fans), control systems, evaporative x x x x x8,9 Cultural practices planting, tilling, harvesting, engine-driven equipment x x Crop/feed storage x x x x x Water management wells, reservoir, recycled x x x x x x x x Material handling7,10 equ
24、ipment, motors, pumps x6 x x x x x x x Irrigation10 motors/engine, pumps, power source x x x Listed references are guidance documents or tools useful for assessing the energy use and/or efficiency associated with various major activities and/or farm enterprise. Not included here are the numerous pla
25、nning guides that address the design of farm enterprise systems and the major activities involved because most do not directly assess energy conservation or efficiency. These planning and design guides provide a reference for understanding elements of efficient production systems, but do not specifi
26、cally address energy use or efficiency as is the intent of this standard. These are by no means the only guides and tools that can be used in performing these audits. 1. ASABE Standards. 2009. EP344.3: Lighting systems for agricultural facilities. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. 2. ASABE Standards. 2008.
27、EP566.1: Guidelines for selection of energy efficient agricultural ventilation. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. 3. Srivastava, Ajit K., Carroll E. Goering, Roger P. Rohrbach, and Dennis R. Buckmaster. 2006. Chapter 3: Electrical power for agricultural machines. In Engineering Principles of Agricultural Ma
28、chines, 2nd ed., 45-64. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASABE. 4. Gustafson, Robert J., and Mark T. Morgan. 2004. Chapter 8. Electric motors. In Fundamentals of Electricity for Agriculture, 3rd edition, 205-248. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE. 5. Peebles, R. W., D. J. Reinemann, and R. J. Straub. 1994. Analysis of milk
29、ing center energy use. Applied Engineering in Agriculture 10(6): 831-839. 6. Go, A., and T. Surbrook. 2009. Michigan dairy farm energy audit guide. East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University, Dept. Biosystems for example, a free-stall dairy operation with 150 milking cows, etc. 3.9 type 1 Audit:
30、 An evaluation and report of farm enterprise energy use that considers, at a minimum, the major activities highlighted in Table 1, as applicable. A Type 1 Audit is not required to address individual components. 3.10 type 2 Audit: A more detailed evaluation and report of farm enterprise energy use th
31、at considers all major activities and components included in Table 1, as applicable. 4 Documenting the Baseline Condition 4.1 This section specifies the procedure for developing a record of a farms energy use over the past annual cycle. 4.2 For each of the audited farm enterprises describe: 4.2.1 Ov
32、erall management scheme for the enterprise. 4.2.1.1 Address enterprise specific management operations as required by the audit type. 4.2.1.2 Acquire from operator energy use and cost data for most recent 12 month period. 4.2.2 Major activities associated with the enterprise. 4.2.2.1 Describe activit
33、y and primary equipment involved. 4.2.2.2 For each major activity, document type of energy resource used and current energy consumption. Also, as appropriate, electrical service information (single or three phase; voltage) (natural gas or propane) needs to be included. 4.2.2.3 Describe components of
34、 major activities, as appropriate/ available (required for Type 2 only). 4.2.2.3.1 Manufacturer of equipment 4.2.2.3.2 Component factory ratings (hp, efficiency, Btu input, and Btu output) 4.2.2.3.3 Management use efficiencies (are manual systems in place that could be automated or timed) 4.2.2.3.4
35、Annual energy use 4.3 Summarize by energy resource. 5 Assessment and Recommendations 5.1 This section specifies how recommendations shall be presented and minimum information needed to be provided consistent with audit type (see paragraphs 3.9 and 3.10). 5.2 Energy savings at the enterprise level sh
36、all be reported in units useable and understandable by the end-user (J, Btu, kWh). ANSI/ASABE S612 JUL2009 (R2015) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 4 5.3 Appropriate energy savings recommendations shall be made for each major activity including a comparison to the
37、base-line condition for: 5.3.1 Estimated cost of replacement/upgrade equipment. 5.3.2 Estimated savings in energy and energy cost, including appropriate assumptions and documentation. 5.3.3 Estimated simple payback period (in years) for implementing each recommendation. 6 Certifications 6.1 All audi
38、t reports shall contain a certification statement that the auditor(s) possess the technical expertise and experience to perform on-farm energy audits, and that the audit report meets all requirements in ASABE Standard S612. (See informative annex A.) Annex A (informative) Commentary This Annex provi
39、des additional information and explanation of considerations used in developing this Standard. Documentation: The Standard provides flexibility in how audit reports are developed and documented. The Standard only addresses the minimum requirements for documentation that would provide for sufficient
40、information from which the farm operator could make informed decisions. However, greater documentation is encouraged to provide as complete a supporting case file as is practical. This documentation may not be included in the report provided the farm operator, but should be maintained in a case file
41、. It is suggested that for each alternative major activity component an appropriate reference be included that would support recommendations for improving energy efficiency. Assessments: In determining the economy of various energy use activities on a farm, it is important to consider potential incr
42、eases in product as part of the benefit used in the analysis. It is recognized that sometimes an increase in energy use will facilitate greater production on-farm (i.e., larger ventilation fans in poultry houses, that provide for healthier bird production), thereby increasing the benefit to cost rel
43、ationship. Therefore, it could be appropriate to consider these factors in the energy use assessment and determinations of changes in efficiency. This evaluation is sometimes referred to as “energy density unit calculations.” Also, it was assumed in the crafting of paragraph 5.3.2 that changes in en
44、ergy management (i.e., timing of power demand to off-peak times; or sequential starting of large motors) should be addressed as a “savings of energy cost” even though it does not necessarily represent a saving in overall energy consumption. Furthermore, it is recognized that the standard does not id
45、entify specific procedures for performing various audit functions associated with the major activities and their associated components. Other standards exist that provide this function, that were too numerous to reference specifically; however, it is recommended that recognized standards (ASABE, AWW
46、A, ASTM, etc.) be used whenever possible. Renewable Energy: The developers of this Standard recognize that in some situations conversion to a renewable energy resource may be a practical alternative to present to a farm operator. It is also recognized that the use of renewable energy resources shoul
47、d be encouraged whenever possible. However, the intent of this Standard is not to facilitate a reduction in non-renewable energy resources, but rather to provide a method to facilitate increased efficiency in the use of whatever energy resources are being used. Certification: Ideally, there would be
48、 a process in-place, provided by non-profit, State, or National entities, for certification of on-farm energy auditors. This certification could be referenced as a requirement for performing on-farm energy audits to add credibility to individuals wishing to perform such audits. There are certificati
49、ons and licensing processes that do provide a level of assurance that an individual is qualified, if only ethically bound, to perform the audits described in this Standard, such as licensed engineers, Association of Energy Engineers ANSI/ASABE S612 JUL2009 (R2015) Copyright American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers 5 (AEE) Certified Energy Managers (CEM), the Association of Energy Engineers Certified Energy Auditor (CEA), or state certified/licensed farm energy auditors. Commentary on Table 1: Table 1 contains a listing of the mos
