1、 ASCE STANDARD ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 39-15American Society of Civil EngineersGuidelines for OperationalHail Suppression ProgramsThis document uses both the International System of Units (SI) and customary units.Published by the American Society of Civil EngineersLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publicatio
2、n DataGuidelines for operational hail suppression programs.pages cm. (ASCE standard)“ANSI/ASCE/EWRI 39-15.”“This document uses both the International System of Units (SI) and customary units.”ISBN 978-0-7844-1356-2 (print : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-7844-7914-8 (ebook)1. Hail control. 2. Weather contro
3、l. I. American Society of Civil Engineers.II. Title: Hail suppression programs.QC929.H15G85 2015551.68787dc232015007868Published by American Society of Civil Engineers1801 Alexander Bell DriveReston, Virginia 20191-4382www.asce.org/bookstore | ascelibrary.orgThis standard was developed by a consensu
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11、a: Errata, if any, can be found at http:/dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413562.Copyright 2015 by the American Society of Civil Engineers.All Rights Reserved.ISBN 978-0-7844-1356-2 (print)ISBN 978-0-7844-7914-8 (PDF)Manufactured in the United States of America.22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 1 2 3 4 5ASCE STANDAR
12、DSIn 2014, the Board of Direction approved revisions to the ASCERules for Standards Committees to govern the writing andmaintenance of standards developed by ASCE. All such stan-dards are developed by a consensus standards process managedby the ASCE Codes and Standards Committee (CSC). Theconsensus
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14、ttees, which are available at www.asce.org.Errata, addenda, supplements, and interpretations, if any, for thisstandard can also be found at www.asce.org.The provisions of this document have been written inpermissive language and, as such, offer to the user a series ofoptions or instructions but do n
15、ot prescribe a specic courseof action. Signicant judgment has been left to the user ofthis document.This standard has been prepared in accordance with recog-nized engineering principles and should not be used without theusers competent knowledge for a given application. The publi-cation of this stan
16、dard by ASCE is not intended to warrant thatthe information contained therein is suitable for any general orspecic use, and ASCE takes no position respecting the validityof patent rights. The user is advised that the determination ofpatent rights or risk of infringement is entirely his or her ownres
17、ponsibility.A complete list of currently available standards is availablein the ASCE Library (http:/ascelibrary.org/page/books/s-standards).iiiThis page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMany people contributed materially to this document by theircomments, review, illustrations, and photograph
18、s. The primaryauthors of this document were the members of the AtmosphericWater Management Standards Committee of the ASCE Envi-ronmental and Water Resources Institute:Arie Ben-ZviBruce A. Boe (Past Chair)George W. Bomar (Representative to the EWRI StandardsDevelopment Council and Immediate Past Cha
19、ir)Robert R. CzysThomas P. DeFelice (Secretary)Joseph H. GoldenDon A. GrifthMark IveyConrad G. Keyes, Jr. (Vice Chair)Nathan R. KuhnertDarin W. Langerud (Chair)David A. MatthewsGary Riley (deceased)Maurice D. RoosSigmund SilberPaul L. SmithJames StalkerGuidelines for Operational Hail Suppression Pro
20、grams vThis page intentionally left blank CONTENTSASCE STANDARDS iiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v1 SCOPE 11.1 Applicable Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 THE HAIL PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.1 Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 The Status of Hail Suppression Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.1 American Society of Civil En
22、gineers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.2 Weather Modication Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.3 American Meteorological Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.2.4 The
23、National Research Council and Weather Modication Association Viewpoints . . . . . . . . 53 HAIL CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73.1 Requirements for Hail Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24、. . . . . . . . . . . . 73.2 The Scientic Basis for Hail Suppression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2.1 Benecial Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2.2 Early Rainout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83.2.3 Trajectory Lowering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.4 Promotion of Coalescence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.5 Dynamic Effect
26、s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.2.6 Other Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.3 Concept Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27、 . . . . . . . . . 93.4 Cloud Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 THE DESIGN OF HAIL SUPPRESSION OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1 Denition of Project Scope . . . . . . . . . . . .
28、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1.1 Historical Hail Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1.2 Historical Radar Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1.3 Basi
29、c Project Area Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.1.4 Initial Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.1.5 Climatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30、. . . . . . . . . . . 124.2 Seeding Agent Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124.2.1 Silver Iodide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.2.2 Dry Ice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2.3 Other Ice Nucleants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2.4 Hygroscopic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.2.5 Q
32、uality Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144.3 Delivery Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.3.1 Airborne Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154.3.2 Ground-Based Ice Nucleus Generator Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.3.3 Rockets and Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174.4 Meteorological Data Collection and Forecast
34、ing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.1 Forecasting and Nowcasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.1.1 Government Forecast Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.1.2 On-Site Opera
35、tional Forecasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.2 Remote Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.2.1 Meteorological Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.4.2.2
36、Satellite Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214.4.2.3 Lightning Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Guidelines for Operational Hail Suppression Programs vii4.4.3 Visual Cloud Appearance . . . . . . . .
37、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4.4 Updraft. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4.5 Numerical Cloud Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4.5.1 Predic
38、tive Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.4.5.2 Diagnostic Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.5 Selection and Siting of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39、 . . 254.5.1 Aircraft Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.5.1.1 In Situ Cloud Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.5.1.2 Cloud Ice Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40、. . . . . . . . . 254.5.1.3 Cloud Water Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254.5.1.4 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.5.2 Placement of Ground Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.5.3 Placement of Rocket Launchers or Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.6 Legal Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.6.1 Potential for Litigation. . . . .
42、 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.6.2 Regulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.7 Environmental Concerns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43、. . 274.7.1 Redistribution of Precipitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.7.2 Seeding Agent Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 CONDUCT OF OPERATIONAL HAIL SUPPRESSION PROJECTS. . . . . . . . . .
44、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.1 The Operations Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2 Personnel Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2.1 Meteorological Staff . .
45、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2.2 Cloud Treatment Pilots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2.3 Support Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
46、 . 305.3 Operational Decision Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.3.1 Chronology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305.3.2 Opportunity Recognition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
47、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.3.2.1 Aircraft Flight Crews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.3.2.2 Treatment by Ground-Based Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.3.2.3 Treatment by Rocket or Artillery . . . . . . .
48、. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.4 Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.5 Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1 Safety of
49、 Field Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1.1 Radar Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1.2 Use, Handling, and Storage of Seeding Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1.3 Severe Weather Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.5.1.4 Aircraft Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
