1、ASHRAE STANDARDANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010Methods of Testing for Rating the Performance of Positive Displacement Refrigerant Compressors and Condensing Units that Operate at Subcritical Temperatures of the RefrigerantApproved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 23, 2010; by the ASHRAE Bo
2、ard of Directors onJanuary 27, 2010; and by the American National Standards Institute on January 28, 2010.ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard numberis the year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standa
3、rd may be pur-chased on the ASHRAE Web site (www.ashrae.org) or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle,NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Telephone: 404-636-8400(worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprint permissi
4、on, go towww.ashrae.org/permissions. Copyright 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ISSN 1041-2336American Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgSPECIAL NOTEThis Americ
5、an National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which
6、has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reached bydirectly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity.Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an eff
7、ort be made toward their resolution.” Compliance with thisstandard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through legislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRA
8、E Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of
9、 the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all ProjectCommittees. The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for im
10、proving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information andaccepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assu
11、re the safety or performance of any products, components,or systems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under itsStandards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSA
12、SHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for ratingpurposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providingother information that m
13、ay serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them,and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or impli
14、ed,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 23.1Cognizant TC: TC 8.1, Positive Displacement CompressorsSPLS Liaison: Kenneth W. Cooper*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publicationRichard L. Hall, Chair* John P. Scott*James L. D
15、ouglas* Curtis R. Slayton*Matthew T. Irons* Michael A. Wegenka*Alexander D. Leyderman*ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 20092010Steven T. Bushby, ChairH. Michael Newman, Vice-ChairRobert G. BakerMichael F. BedaHoy R. Bohanon, Jr.Kenneth W. CooperK. William DeanMartin DieryckxAllan B. FraserKatherine G. Ham
16、mackNadar R. JayaramanByron W. JonesJay A. KohlerCarol E. MarriottMerle F. McBrideFrank MyersJanice C. PetersonDouglas T. ReindlLawrence J. SchoenBoggarm S. SettyBodh R. SubherwalJames R. TaubyJames K. VallortWilliam F. WalterMichael W. WoodfordCraig P. WrayWayne R. Reedy, BOD ExOThomas E. Watson, C
17、OStephanie Reiniche, Manager of Standards American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written per
18、mission.CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010Methods of Testing for Rating the Performance of Positive Displacement Refrigerant Compressors and Condensing Units that Operate at Subcritical Temperatures of the RefrigerantSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Classifications.
19、 45 Requirements . 46 Instruments. 77 Methods of Testing . 88 Compressor Testing 89 Condensing Unit Testing. 910 References . 10NOTEWhen addenda, interpretations, or errata to this standard have been approved, they can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at http:/www.ashrae.org. Co
20、pyright 2010 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional repr
21、oduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the sta
22、ndard. It has not been pro-cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a stan-dard and may contain material that has not been subjectto public review or a consensus process. Unresolvedobjectors on informative material are not offered theright to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDDespite the change
23、 in its title and designation, this “new”standard is actually a revision of ASHRAE Standard 23-2005,Methods of Testing for Rating Positive Displacement Refriger-ant Compressors and Condensing Units. Standard 23 hasbeen revised, renumbered, and given a new scope becauseASHRAE is in the process of dev
24、eloping a companion stan-dard, Standard 23.2, that will address the testing of positivedisplacement compressors and condensers using refrigerantslike CO2that operate at supercritical temperatures. Accord-ingly, the title and scope of Standard 23 has been revised inthis standard to clarify the fact t
25、hat it is restricted to the test-ing of such equipment using refrigerants that operate at sub-critical temperatures. Standard 23.1 also clarifies some of theprocedures of Standard 23-2005 and updates its references. Standard 23.1 retains all of the improvements that weremade when the 2005 edition of
26、 Standard 23 was published.In addition to the azeotropic refrigerants that were the focusof the 1993 edition, it covers zeotropic alternative refriger-ants as well. It provides the choice of six different test meth-ods for determining refrigerant mass flow rates, and itallows the same test to be use
27、d for the primary and confirm-ing testsprovided that the primary and confirming tests aresimultaneous and completely independent. It includes testmethods that properly account for the effects of liquid refrig-erant injection within the scope of the standard, and itincludes computations of compressor
28、 efficiencies that har-monize the standard with relevant standards promulgated byARI, ISO, and other entities.It is intended that, after Standards 23.1 and 23.2 have beenpublished, ASHRAE Standard 23-2005 will be withdrawn.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this standard is to provide methods of test-ing for
29、rating the thermodynamic performance of positivedisplacement refrigerant compressors and condensing unitsthat operate at subcritical temperatures of the refrigerant.2. SCOPE2.1 This standard applies to the methods of testing for rat-ing the thermodynamic performance of single-stage posi-tive-displac
30、ement refrigerant compressors and condensingunits that operate at subcritical temperatures of the refriger-ant which either (a) do not have liquid injection or (b) incor-porate liquid injection that is achieved by compressor motorpower.2.2 This standard applies to all of the refrigerants listed inAS
31、HRAE Standard 34,1Designation and Safety Classificationof Refrigerants, that fall within the scope defined in Section 2.1.3. DEFINITIONSThe following definitions apply to the terms used in thisstandard. Additional definitions that might be helpful aregiven in ASHRAE Terminology of Heating, Ventilati
32、on, AirConditioning, the power input at the motor terminalsfor hermetic compressors, semi-hermetic compressors, ormotor-compressors; or to refer to the power absorbed by allancillaries that are necessary to sustain the operation of thecompressor or condensing unit (e.g., lubricant pump, fanmotors, c
33、ontrols components, and circulating pumps).precision error: a term that has the same meaning as randomerror.primary test: a test performed to determine the ratings of acompressor or condensing unit (compare to confirming test).random error: an error that causes readings to take randomvalues on eithe
34、r side of a mean value. The random error isquantified based on how well an instrument can reproducesubsequent readings for an unchanging input. Random errorscannot be corrected through calibration.refrigerant blend (or mixture): a refrigerant composed of twoor more different chemical compounds, comp
35、ounds that areoften used individually as refrigerants for other applications.refrigerant compressor: the mechanical component thatincreases the pressure of the refrigerant and moves it throughthe system.refrigerant mass flow rate: the mass flow rate of the volatilerefrigerant, which is potentially m
36、ixed with lubricant.saturation temperature: the equilibrium temperature of apure refrigerant or an azeotropic refrigerant in a two-phasemixture of a vapor and liquid at a given absolute pressure. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For pe
37、rsonal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 23.1-2010semi-hermetic compressor: a motor-compressor assemblycontained within a gas-tight housing that is sealed b
38、y gasketedjoints to provide access for servicing internal parts (compareto motor-compressor).single-stage compressor: a compressor that has a singlecompression chamber or a compressor with two or morecompression chambers connected in parallel.specific enthalpy: enthalpy per unit mass of substance.su
39、bcooling: the difference between the liquid temperature andthe bubble-point temperature at a defined pressure.suction vapor temperature: the temperature of the refrigerantvapor returning to the compressor or condensing unit.superheat: the difference between the vapor temperature andthe dew-point tem
40、perature at a defined pressure.systematic error: an error that persists and cannot be consid-ered as due entirely to chance. Systematic error can becorrected through calibration.temperature glide: a term that means the same as glide.test article: a single-stage positive-displacement compressoror con
41、densing unit.uncertainty: an estimated value for the error in a measure-ment, which may be the result of both systematic and randomerror. Because only random errors can be treated by statisticalmethods, and only systematic errors can be corrected throughcalibration, uncertainty computed using this s
42、tandard wouldresult from random errors.volumetric efficiency: the ratio of the actual volumetric flowto the ideal volumetric flow (i.e., the volumetric flow thatwould correspond to the geometric compressor displacement).zeotropic refrigerant: a refrigerant that contains two or morecomponents whose e
43、quilibrium vapor-phase and liquid-phasecompositions differ. The temperature of zeotropic refrigerantchanges as it evaporates or condenses at constant pressure(compare to azeotropic refrigerant).4. CLASSIFICATIONS4.1 Compressor Types. Single-stage positive-displace-ment compressors (which may or may
44、not include an integrallubricant separator) that are within the scope of this standardare classified as one of the following types:4.1.1 Open compressor.4.1.2 Hermetic compressor.4.1.3 Semi-hermetic compressor.4.1.4 Motor compressor.4.2 Condensing Unit Types. Single-stage positive-dis-placement cond
45、ensing units that are within the scope of thisstandard are classified as one of the following types:4.2.1 Liquid-cooled condensing unit.4.2.2 Air-cooled condensing unit.4.2.3 Evaporatively cooled condensing unit.4.3 Calorimeter Types. Calorimeters that are within thescope of this standard are classi
46、fied either as evaporator calo-rimeters or as condenser calorimeters.4.3.1 Evaporator calorimeters:(a) Secondary refrigerant calorimeter.(b) Secondary fluid calorimeter.(c) Primary refrigerant calorimeter.4.3.2 Condenser calorimeters.4.4 Flowmeter Types. Flowmeters that are within thescope of this s
47、tandard are classified as one of the followingtypes:4.4.1 Gaseous refrigerant flowmeter.4.4.2 Liquid refrigerant flowmeter.5. REQUIREMENTS5.1 Test Requirements.5.1.1 Compressor or Condensing Unit Ratings. Eachtest data point used for rating a compressor or condensing unitshall consist of a primary t
48、est and a simultaneous, indepen-dent confirming test at a specified set of operating conditions.Compressor or condensing unit ratings shall be determinedfrom refrigerant mass flow rates obtained by the primarymethod of test. However, each refrigerant mass flow rateobtained from the primary test (a t
49、ime-averaged flow rate fora specific test data point) shall be considered to be valid onlyif the measured refrigerant mass flow rate from the corre-sponding confirming test (a time-averaged flow rate for thesame test data point over the same time span) is within 3% ofthe primary test measurement. For the purpose of ratings, the refrigerant mass flow rate(used in Equations 5-1 through 5-5) is defined as being thecompressor or condensing unit suction mass flow rate.If a liquid refrigerant injection scheme is included in thetest article, the liquid refrigerant injection shall be per
