1、ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 97-2007 (RA 2017)(Reaffirmation of ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 97-2007)Sealed Glass Tube Method toTest the Chemical Stability ofMaterials for Use withinRefrigerant SystemsApproved by ASHRAE on May 31, 2017, and by the American National Standards Institute on June 1, 2017.ASHRAE Standar
2、ds are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the Standard number is the year ofASHRAE approval. The latest edition of an ASHRAE Standard may be purchased on the ASHRAE website (www.ashrae.org)or from ASHRAE Customer Service, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305.
3、E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 678-539-2129. Telephone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). For reprintpermission, go to www.ashrae.org/permissions. 2017 ASHRAE ISSN 1041-2336SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary con
4、sensus Standard developed under the auspices of ASHRAE. Consensus is definedby the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this Standard as an ANS, as“substantial agreement reached by directly and materially affected interest categories. This
5、signifies the concurrence of more than a simple majority,but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.”Compliance with this Standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes complianc
6、e mandatory through legislation. ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and public review.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. The ProjectCommittee
7、 Chair and Vice-Chair must be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAE members, allmust be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interests on all Project Committees. The Senior Manager of Standards of
8、 ASHRAE should be contacted fora. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard, ord. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgat
9、e Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available information and acceptedindustry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of any products, components, or systemstested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs
10、 Standards or Guidelines or that any tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelineswill be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testing for
11、rating purposes, bysuggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of this equipment, and by providing other informationthat may serve to guide the industry. The creation of ASHRAE Standards and Guidelines is determined by the need for them, and confo
12、rmanceto them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, either stated or implied,that the product has been approved by ASHRAE.ASHRAE Standard Project Committee 97-1999Cognizant TC: 3.2, Refrigerant Syste
13、m ChemistrySPLS Liaison: Thomas E. Watson STANDARDS REAFFIRMATION SUBCOMMITTEE 20062007*Robert G. Doerr*, Chair Thomas R. Rajewski* Tom LeckJay Field, Secretary Shelvin Rosen* Cheri WellmanWarren R. Clough* Andrew Swallow* Robert W. YostLois L. Lin* Henry Balduzzi* Denotes members of voting status w
14、hen the document was previously approved for publicationJames Lutz, Chair Steven Bushby Bodh SubherwalMichael Beda R. Michael Martin James Woods* For the 2007 revision in which minor changes were performed (i.e., updating references),SRS acted as the consensus project committeeASHRAE STANDARDS COMMI
15、TTEE 20162017Rita M. Harrold, Chair Michael W. Gallagher Cyrus H. NasseriSteven J. Emmerich, Vice-Chair Walter T. Grondzik David RobinJames D. Aswegan Vinod P. Gupta Peter SimmondsNiels Bidstrup Susanna S. Hanson Dennis A. StankeDonald M. Brundage Roger L. Hedrick Wayne H. Stoppelmoor, Jr.Drury B. C
16、rawley Rick M. Heiden Jack H. ZarourJohn F. Dunlap, Srinivas Katipamula William F. Walter, BOD ExOJames W. Earley, Jr. Cesar L. Lim Patricia Graef, COKeith I. Emerson Arsen K. MelikovJulie M. Ferguson R. Lee Millies, Jr.Stephanie C. Reiniche, Senior Manager of Standards ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For
17、personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 97-2007 (RA 2017)Sealed Glass Tube Method to Test the Chemical Stability ofMaterials for Use within Refrige
18、rant SystemsSECTION PAGEForeword1 Purpose.22 Scope23 Apparatus24 Procedure for Preparing the Sealed Glass Tubes 35 Aging the Sealed Glass Tubes66 Analysis of the Tubes67 Significance of Results68 Safety Requirements.79 References8Informative Appendix A: Calculation of Refrigerant Pressure in Sealed
19、TubesContaining 0.7 mL of Refrigerant.9Informative Appendix B: Bibliography .11NOTEApproved addenda, errata, or interpretations for this standard can be downloaded free of charge from the ASHRAEwebsite at www.ashrae.org/technology. 2017 ASHRAE1791 Tullie Circle NE Atlanta, GA 30329 www.ashrae.org Al
20、l rights reserved.ASHRAE is a registered trademark of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.ANSI is a registered trademark of the American National Standards Institute. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution,
21、 or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 97-2007 (RA 2017)(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has n
22、ot been pro-cessed according to the ANSI requirements for a standardand may contain material that has not been subject topublic review or a consensus process. Unresolved objec-tors on informative material are not offered the right toappeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDASHRAE Standard 97 describes a un
23、iform means for testingthe various materials used within hermetic and nonhermeticrefrigerant systems. It is primarily intended as an acceleratedscreening tool and can provide valuable information on thechemical stability of system materials.This is a reaffirmation of Standard 97-2007. This stan-dard
24、 was prepared under the auspices of ASHRAE. It may beused, in whole or in part, by an association or governmentagency with due credit to ASHRAE. Adherence is strictly on avoluntary basis and merely in the interests of obtaining uni-form guidelines throughout the industry. This version of thereaffirm
25、ation has no changes.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this standard is to establish a test procedureutilizing sealed glass tubes for the evaluation of materials foruse in refrigerant systems.2. SCOPE2.1 This standard describes the preparation of sealed glasstubes and the procedure for charging them with ref
26、rigerant,lubricant, other materials to be tested, or combinations ofthese.2.2 A procedure for aging the tubes, usually at elevated tem-peratures, is described. The tubes are evaluated by quantita-tive or qualitative analysis, or both, of the tube contents toyield information for determining the comp
27、atibility or chemi-cal stability of materials in refrigerant systems.2.3 The technique described may be used for evaluatingmany different types of materials. Therefore, the standarddoes not describe in detail the preparation of the materials tobe tested prior to placing them in the glass tubes, the
28、condi-tions of exposure, nor the methods of analysis.2.4 Detailed safety precautions are included in Section 8,“Safety Requirements.”3. APPARATUS3.1 A sealed glass tube generally consists of a borosilicateglass tube 9 mm (0.35 in.) OD 7 mm (0.27 in.) ID approx-imately 180 mm (7.1 in.) long with one
29、end formed into around bottom. The above are the finished dimensions. Thetube is charged with the refrigerant and materials to be testedand then sealed in a rounded tip at the other end.3.2 The tube charging apparatus is illustrated in Figure 1.This apparatus consists of a manifold (metal or glass),
30、 vacuumpump, pressure gauge, high vacuum gauge, refrigerant cylin-der, valves, and filling ports. The function of this apparatus isto evacuate the tube, add refrigerant, and seal it along with thetest materials. It is calibrated so that the refrigerant may beadded very accurately by following the ch
31、ange in pressure onthe vacuum gauge as refrigerant is added to the tube.3.3 An aluminum block is used for aging the sealed glasstubes at elevated temperatures. The aluminum block hascylindrical holes in it to support the sealed glass tubes beingtested. The purpose of the aluminum block is to protect
32、 thetubes from each other in the event of breakage. A furtherfunction is to maintain temperature uniformity. A typical alu-minum block is illustrated in Figure 2. The holes in the blockshould be drilled completely through, and the block shouldhave a separate removable bottom to simplify cleaning. Av
33、ent may be included to release pressure should a tube burst.The overall dimensions shall be sized to accommodate thedesired number of sealed glass tubes while maintaining ade-quate wall thickness. A small wad of glass wool should beplaced in the bottom of the drilled hole to cushion and supportthe t
34、ubes during aging.3.4 Individual pipe chambers may be more convenient fortesting a small number of samples, instead of the aluminumblock described above. These individual chambers may beconstructed of metal pipe and closed at both ends withthreaded caps.3.5 The electrically heated aging oven shall h
35、ave mechanicalconvection capable of maintaining a uniform temperaturewith 1.0C (1.8F) throughout the test chamber. The ovenchamber shall be large enough to accommodate the aluminumblock and allow for adequate air circulation and venting. Theoven shall be equipped with an indicating controller with a
36、control sensitivity of 0.5C (0.9F).3.6 The tube opening apparatus is illustrated in Figure 3.This apparatus is suitable for safely and conveniently openinga sealed tube for subsequent analysis of the contents. Analternative apparatus is illustrated in Figure 4.3.7 Flexible tubing (PVC or rubber) is
37、often used in prepara-tion of sealed glass tubes. It is important to clean the tubingprior to use. It must be free of excess plasticizer, lubricants,powders, and other contaminants.Figure 1 Manifold for filling glass tubes. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, dis
38、tribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 97-2007 (RA 2017) 34. PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING THESEALED GLASS TUBES4.1 Preparation of the Glass Tube4.1.1 The preparation of these tubes shall be performed bysome
39、one skilled in the art of glass blowing. A skilled glassblower will take into consideration such factors as a. proper storage of the glass tubing,b. proper cleanliness of the tubing,c. cutting to obtain square ends,d. the use of a small, sharply pointed oxygen-gas flame andproper glass blowers torch
40、,e. obtaining a uniform wall thickness throughout, andf. proper safety precautions (see Section 8).4.1.2 Typically the tubes are made from 9 mm (0.35 in.)OD standard wall borosilicate glass tubing. This tubing has anID approximately 7 mm (0.27 in.), and the tube should be cutinto 240 mm (9.45 in.) l
41、engths. One end is sealed to form arounded bottom. The other end is fire polished.4.1.3 The tubes must be scrupulously clean. The tubingshould be stored in a sealed container so that it does not col-lect any contaminants. After forming the rounded bottom, thetubes should be flushed with distilled or
42、 deionized water, fol-lowed by a rinse with acetone or other suitable solvent. Thetubes should be dried at 125C (257F) and cooled in a desic-cator. If desired, further cleaning can be accomplished byannealing the glass tube one hour at 580C (1076F). Afterdrying, the tubes should be stored in a desic
43、cator.4.1.4 Before use, inspect all tubes for cleanliness and forany cracks, severe scratches, or other faults in the glass. Dis-card any defective tubes.4.2 Preparation of Materials4.2.1 The refrigerant used should be of known purity, suit-able for the tests being performed. If refrigerant is being
44、 usedfrom a transfer cylinder, it shall be fitted with a pressure reliefdevice. The refrigerant cylinder should be fitted with anadjustable needle valve.4.2.2 A refrigeration lubricant to be used as a referenceshould be kept dry and away from light. Figure 2 Aluminum block for aging sealed tubes.Fig
45、ure 4 Alternative tube opening apparatus.Figure 3 Tube opening apparatus. ASHRAE (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAEs prior written permission.4 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 97-2007 (R
46、A 2017)4.2.3 One or more metal coupons are generally added tothe tube to act as a catalyst. The metals should be chosen torepresent those used in actual refrigerant systems. The surfacefinish of the metal should be specified and reported withresults. Metal specimens should be cut into the desired si
47、ze,degreased, and stored in a noncorroding environment. A typi-cal metal sample is 3 mm (1/8 in.) wide 50 mm (2 in.) long 0.15 mm (0.006 in.) thick with uniform surface finish. 4.2.3.1 Steel strip made of highly polished flapper-valvestock1is often used as a convenient and reproducible catalyticiron
48、 surface. 4.2.3.2 Copper, such as CDA110 or CDA120, may beused to represent the copper used in hermetic motors orrefrigerant tubing. 4.2.3.3 Aluminum, such as AA1100 or AA1200, is oftenincluded to represent the aluminum tubing used in refrigerantsystems. Also AA380 or AA390 may be included if alumi-
49、num castings are used in the systems. 4.2.3.4 The catalytic action of metals depends both on thechemical nature of the surface and on the area of the surfaceexposed to the reactants. The surface area of the metal in con-tact with the lubricant and refrigerant will vary greatly withthe surface finish. For example, a surface that has been etchedor abraded to remove stains or other foreign matter may havea much greater effect on the reaction than a surface that ismore highly polished.4.2.3.5 Before cutting and degreasing, inspect the metaland make cer
