1、ASHRAE STANDARDAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigeratingand Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NE, Atlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgRefrigeration OilDescriptionANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-2006(Supersedes ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-1987)Approved by the ASHRAE Standards Committee on January 21
2、, 2006; by the ASHRAE Board of Directors onJanuary 26, 2006; and by the American National Standards Institute on January 27, 2006.ASHRAE Standards are scheduled to be updated on a five-year cycle; the date following the standard number isthe year of ASHRAE Board of Directors approval. The latest cop
3、ies may be purchased from ASHRAE CustomerService, 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329-2305. E-mail: ordersashrae.org. Fax: 404-321-5478. Tele-phone: 404-636-8400 (worldwide) or toll free 1-800-527-4723 (for orders in US and Canada). Copyright 2006 ASHRAE, Inc.ISSN 1041-2336Copyright ASHRAE Pro
4、vided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-SPECIAL NOTEThis American National Standard (ANS) is a national voluntary consensus standard developed under the auspices of the AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
5、-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). Consensus is defined by the American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI), of which ASHRAE is a member and which has approved this standard as an ANS, as “substantial agreement reachedby directly and materially affected interest categories. This signifies the concurre
6、nce of more than a simple majority, but not necessarilyunanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that an effort be made toward their resolution.”Compliance with this standard is voluntary until and unless a legal jurisdiction makes compliance mandatory through le
7、gislation.ASHRAE obtains consensus through participation of its national and international members, associated societies, and publicreview.ASHRAE Standards are prepared by a Project Committee appointed specifically for the purpose of writing the Standard. TheProject Committee Chair and Vice-Chair mu
8、st be members of ASHRAE; while other committee members may or may not be ASHRAEmembers, all must be technically qualified in the subject area of the Standard. Every effort is made to balance the concerned interestson all Project Committees. The Manager of Standards of ASHRAE should be contacted for:
9、a. interpretation of the contents of this Standard,b. participation in the next review of the Standard,c. offering constructive criticism for improving the Standard,d. permission to reprint portions of the Standard.ASHRAE INDUSTRIAL ADVERTISING POLICY ON STANDARDSASHRAE Standards and Guidelines are
10、established to assist industry and the public by offering a uniform method of testingfor rating purposes, by suggesting safe practices in designing and installing equipment, by providing proper definitions of thisequipment, and by providing other information that may serve to guide the industry. The
11、 creation of ASHRAE Standards andGuidelines is determined by the need for them, and conformance to them is completely voluntary.In referring to this Standard or Guideline and in marking of equipment and in advertising, no claim shall be made, eitherstated or implied, that the product has been approv
12、ed by ASHRAE.DISCLAIMERASHRAE uses its best efforts to promulgate Standards and Guidelines for the benefit of the public in light of available informationand accepted industry practices. However, ASHRAE does not guarantee, certify, or assure the safety or performance of anyproducts, components, or s
13、ystems tested, installed, or operated in accordance with ASHRAEs Standards or Guidelines or thatany tests conducted under its Standards or Guidelines will be nonhazardous or free from risk.ASHRAE STANDARDS COMMITTEE 2005-2006Richard D. Hermans, ChairDavid E. Knebel, Vice-ChairDonald L. BrandtSteven
14、T. BushbyPaul W. CabotHugh F. CrowtherSamuel D. Cummings, Jr.Robert G. DoerrHakim ElmahdyRoger L. HedrickJohn F. HoganFrank E. JakobStephen D. KennedyJay A. KohlerJames D. LutzMerle F. McBrideMark P. ModeraCyrus H. NasseriStephen V. SantoroStephen V. SkalkoDavid R. TreeJerry W. White, Jr.James E. Wo
15、odsWilliam E. Murphy, BOD ExORonald E. Jarnagin, COClaire B. Ramspeck, Assistant Director of Standards and Special ProjectsASHRAE Standard Project Committee 99Cognizant TC: TC 3.4, LubricationSPLS Liaison: Stephen V. Santoro*Denotes members of voting status when the document was approved for publica
16、tionRobert G. Doerr, Chair* Kenneth C. Lilje*Deitrich F. Huttonlocher, Former Chair N. D. Rosine Rohatgi*Mark Goodin* Robert W. Yost*Loretta A. Homolish Xiaomei YuJoseph A. Karnaz*Copyright ASHRAE Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without
17、 license from IHS-,-,-CONTENTSANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-2006Refrigeration Oil DescriptionSECTION PAGEForeword. 21 Purpose 22 Scope . 23 Definitions. 24 Test Procedures and Significance of Tests. 35 References . 4NOTEWhen interpretations or errata to this standard have been approved, they can be downlo
18、aded free of charge from the ASHRAE Web site at http:/www.ashrae.org. Copyright 2006 American Society of Heating,Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.1791 Tullie Circle NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.orgAll rights reserved.Copyright ASHRAE Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Not fo
19、r ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-2006(This foreword is not part of this standard. It is merelyinformative and does not contain requirements necessaryfor conformance to the standard. It has not beenprocessed according to the ANSI r
20、equirements for astandard and may contain material that has not beensubject to public review or a consensus process.Unresolved objectors on informative material are notoffered the right to appeal at ASHRAE or ANSI.)FOREWORDRefrigeration oil covers a wide variety of commerciallyavailable or experimen
21、tal lubricants often differing widely inboth composition and performance characteristics. This stan-dard provides a uniform means of identifying particularrefrigeration oils without resorting to commercial names ordesignations by utilizing common laboratory tests that arewell recognized by those con
22、cerned with the use of the oil. Theuse of this standard in the literature will permit investigatorsconcerned with oil performance to duplicate experimentalprograms and allow readers to relate oil characteristics to thesubject presented. First published in 1981, Standard 99 was developedunder the spo
23、nsorship of ASHRAE Technical Committee 3.4.It represents a joint effort of knowledgeable refrigeratingindustry consultants, equipment builders, and oil suppliers todefine the most meaningful laboratory tests that will ade-quately characterize a particular refrigeration oil. The 1981standard was reaf
24、firmed with minor editorial changes in 1987.This edition of the standard has been revised to include syn-thetic lubricants, especially those used with HFC refrigerants.1. PURPOSEThe purpose of this standard is to describe lubricants usedin refrigerating and air-conditioning systems based on molec-ul
25、ar structure, physical properties, and chemical properties.Since the properties of generically similar lubricants can varysignificantly depending on source of formulation, terms suchas “refrigeration lubricant” have little meaning in definingsuch materials. This standard defines those properties cri
26、ticalto the precise identification of synthetic as well as petroleum-based lubricants, along with recognized test procedures for thedetermination of these properties.2. SCOPE2.1 Application. This standard applies to both synthetic andpetroleum-derived lubricants used or proposed as compressorlubrica
27、nts in refrigeration systems.2.2 Test Methods. This standard provides recognized testmethods toa. describe a specific class of refrigeration lubricant withoutthe use of commercial designations,b. describe the molecular structure for various classes ofrefrigeration lubricants, andc. define the critic
28、al properties needed to describe a refriger-ation lubricant using recognized test procedures.2.3 Limits. This standard is not intended to define refriger-ation oil quality through the establishment of test specifica-tions or requirements. In addition, performance tests intendedto measure quality hav
29、e been excluded from this standard.3. DEFINITIONSalkylbenzene: a synthetic hydrocarbon composed of abenzene ring attached to one or more saturated hydrocarbonchains. ASTM test: a test conducted according to an ASTM Interna-tional standard test procedure. This standards developerpublishes the Annual
30、Book of ASTM Standards, with Parts05.01, 05.02, 05.03, and 05.04 covering petroleum productsand lubricants.aniline point: the minimum temperature at which a lubricantis soluble in aniline, a solvent for hydrocarbons. It is used toestimate the aromatic/olefin content in a lubricant.aromatic content:
31、the fraction of aromatic hydrocarboncontained in a lubricant.aromatic hydrocarbon: a hydrocarbon compound containingone or more cyclic or ring structures characterized by alter-nating double bonds.cloud point: the temperature at which haziness is firstobserved upon cooling of a lubricant under presc
32、ribed condi-tions. This test is also used with refrigerant/lubricant mixtureswith or without impurities.color: the appearance of a lubricant when viewed by transmit-ted plex ester: an ester lubricant prepared from a polyol andboth mono- and dicarboxylic acids, either together or sequen-tially.dieste
33、r: an ester lubricant prepared from a dicarboxylic acidand monohydric alcohols.flash point: the minimum temperature to which a lubricantmust be heated under prescribed conditions in order to give offsufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture with air in thepresence of an ignition source. floc poin
34、t: the highest temperature at which a mixture of lubri-cant and R-12 forms a distinct precipitate.foaming: the formation of a frothy mass of refrigerant bubblesin or on the surface of a lubricant. hydrotreated oil: a mineral oil lubricant that has been treatedwith hydrogen to remove aromatic and ole
35、finic components.kinematic viscosity: a measure of a lubricants resistance toflow.Copyright ASHRAE Provided by IHS under license with ASHRAE Not for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-,-ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 99-2006 3miscibility: a measure of the mutual solubilit
36、y of liquid refrig-erant and lubricant fluid.naphthenic oil: a mineral oil lubricant fraction consistingpredominately of cyclic or ring hydrocarbon structures.olefin: a hydrocarbon molecule containing at least onecarbon-to-carbon double bond.paraffinic oil: a mineral oil lubricant fraction in which
37、straightand/or branched chain hydrocarbon structures predominate.polyalkylene glycol (PAG): a synthetic ethylene oxide and/orpropylene oxide polymer normally initiated with an alcoholand sometimes capped.polyalphaolefin (PAO): a synthetic, saturated acyclic hydro-carbon lubricant prepared from alpha
38、olefins.polyolester (POE): a synthetic ester lubricant prepared from apolyol and mono carboxylic acids. For refrigeration applica-tions, polyol esters are prepared from neopentyl polyols thatdo not contain beta hydrogens.polyvinyl ether (PVE): a synthetic lubricant prepared fromvinyl ether monomers.
39、 The main chain of the moleculeconsists of carbon-to-carbon bonds, with ether-based sidechains.pour point: the lowest temperature at which a lubricant willflow under prescribed conditions.refrigeration lubricant: a stable fluid that is compatible withsystem components, will form a friction-reducing
40、filmbetween rubbing surfaces and seal critical clearances, and haslow-temperature transport properties suitable for the applica-tion in which it is used. semi-synthetic lubricant: a mixture of synthetic and mineral-based lubricants.solubility: a measure of the ability of refrigerants to dissolvein r
41、efrigeration lubricants.specific gravity: the ratio of the mass of a volume of liquid at15.6C (6F) to the mass of an equal volume of water at thesame temperature.synthetic lubricant: a lubricant compound manufacturedfrom distinct chemical compounds.total acid number (TAN): a measure of the acidity o
42、f a lubri-cant.viscosity index (VI): a measure of the change of a lubricantsviscosity with changes in temperature. A high VI valuedenotes a smaller viscosity change per degree of temperaturechange than does a low VI. white oil: a highly refined petroleum-based lubricant fraction,which is essentially
43、 free of aromatic hydrocarbons, olefins,and heteroatoms.4. TEST PROCEDURES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TESTS4.1 Aniline Point4.1.1 Use test procedure ASTM D611.14.1.2 A mixture of equal volumes of oil and aniline iscooled at a fixed rate until a phase separation occurs. The tem-perature at which this takes
44、place is the aniline point.4.1.3 The aniline point can be used to determine the aro-matic content of mineral oils. It has practical significance formineral-based hydrocarbon lubricants in estimating rubberswell and halocarbon solubility, since the low aniline pointnaphthenic lubricants in general gi
45、ve increased rubber swelland have greater solubility in halocarbon refrigerants than dothe higher aniline point paraffinic lubricants. The test is notapplicable to synthetic base stocks.4.2 Aromatic Content 4.2.1 Use test procedure ASTM D2549.24.2.2 A sample of the lubricant is charged on a silica g
46、elcolumn. Selected solvents are used to elute and separate thesample into aromatic and non-aromatic fractions. 4.2.3 The aromatic content characterizes a lubricant basedon the amount of aromatic and non-aromatic fractionspresent. Such a characterization is not possible with manysynthetic lubricants.
47、 4.3 Cloud Point4.3.1 Use test procedure ASTM D2500.34.3.2 The lubricant is cooled at a specified rate and mon-itored periodically. The temperature at which haziness is firstobserved is recorded as the cloud point.4.3.3 The cloud point of a lubricant can be a measure ofcontaminant content, such as p
48、rocess chemicals, waxes, andwater: the higher the cloud point, the higher the contaminantcontent.4.4 Color4.4.1 Use test procedure ASTM D1500.44.4.2 A sample of lubricant is compared to a numberedseries of color standards ranging from very light pale to verydark red. The standard that best matches t
49、he sample is thelubricants color number. 4.4.3 Color is useful in identifying lubricants and assess-ing lubricant quality since color can reflect the degree of pro-cessing. Light colors usually indicate more severe processing,which removes color bodies. 4.5 Flash Point4.5.1 Use test procedure ASTM D92.54.5.2 The temperature of a lubricant sample is raised at aconstant rate. At specified intervals an ignition source isapplied to vapors above the liquid. This is
