1、Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-The American Society of Mechanical Engineers AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FUEL CELL POWER SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE PERFORMANCE TEST CODES ASME PTC 50-2002
2、Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-Date of Issuance: November 29, 2002 This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition. There will be no addenda iss
3、ued to this edition. ASME issues written replies to inquiries concerning interpretations of technical aspects of this Standard. Interpretations are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at http:/www.asme.org/codes/ as they are issued. ASME is the registered trademark of The Americ
4、an Society of Mechanical Engineers. This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards. The Standards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have
5、had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large. ASME does not ”approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, co
6、nstruction, proprietary device, or activity. ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any appl
7、icable letters patent, nor assume any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Participation by federal agency representative(s) o
8、r person(s) affiliated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry endorsement of this code or standard. ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuan
9、ce of interpretations by individuals. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 1 O01 6-5990 Copyright O 2
10、002 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS All rights reserved Printed in U.S.A. Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-CONTENTS Foreword . v Committee Roster vi Board Roster VIII .
11、 INTRQD.UCT.IDN 1 1 Object and Scope 2 1.1 Object . 2 1.2 Scope 2 1.3 Test Uncertainty 2 2 Definitions and Description of Terms 3 2.1 Introduction . 3 2.2 Fuel Cell Types . 3 2.3 Fuel Cell Power Systems 4 2.4 General Fuel Cell Nomenclature . 5 2.5 General Definitions 5 3 Guiding Principles 8 3.1 Int
12、roduction . 8 3.2 Agreements . 8 3.3 Test Boundary 8 3.4 Test Plan . 8 3.5 Preparation for Test . 10 11 3.7 Operation of the Test . 14 3.8 Calculation and Reporting of Results . 14 3.9 Records 15 3.6 Parameters to be Measured or Determined During the Test Period . 4 Instruments and Methods of Measur
13、ement . 16 4.1 General Requirements . 16 18 4.3 Determination of Outputs 19 4.4 Determination of Fuel Input . 20 4.5 Data Collection and Handling . 22 4.2 Checklist of Instruments and Apparatus . 5 Computation of Results 23 5.1 introduction . 23 5.2 Computation of Inputs . 23 5.3 Computation of Elec
14、tric Power Output . 27 . III Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-5.4 Computation of Thermal and Mechanical Outputs . 5.5 Computation of Average Net Power 5.6 Computation of Efficiencies 5
15、.7 Correction of Test Results to Reference Conditions 6 Test Report Requirements . 6.1 General Requirements . 6.2 Executive Summary 6.3 Introduction . 6.4 Instrumentation 6.5 Results . 6.6 Conclusions . 6.7 Appendices . 2.1 Generic Fuel Cell Power System Diagram 3.1 Generic Fuel Cell System Test Bou
16、ndary Figures 3.2 Fuel Cell System Test Boundary Illustrating Internal Subsystems Tables 3.1 Maximum Permissible Variations in Test Operating Conditions . Mandatory Appendix 4.1 Potential Bias Limit for Heating Values I Uncertainty Analysis and Sample Calculation . . 27 28 28 29 31 31 31 31 31 31 32
17、 32 4 9 9 14 21 33 iv Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-During the mid 1990s the importance of developing fuel cell standards was recognized. Fuel Cell power plants were in the early st
18、ages of commercialization. Potential applications included vehicular power, on-site power generation, and larger scale dispersal power generators. There was a growing demand to produce industry standards that would keep pace with the commercialization of this new technology. ASME had a very active F
19、uel Cell Power Systems technical committee within the Advanced Energy Systems Division. Through its volunteer membership, it recommended the formation of a standards committee to work on developing a fuel cell standard. ASME Codes and Standard Directorate undertook this task. On October 14, 1996.the
20、 Board on Performance Test Codes voted to approve the formation of a petformance test code Committee, PTC 50. This Committee had its first meeting on January 23-24, 1997. The membership consisted of some 18 fuel cell experts from Government, academia, manufacturers, and users of fuel cells. Ronald L
21、. Bannister; Westinghouse Electric Corporation; retired, chaired the first meeting. He had been appointed by the Board on PTC as the Board Liaison member to the committee. He chaired and supervised the committees activities until permanent officers were elected from the membership. In the Fall 2001,
22、 the Committee issued a draft of the proposed Code to Industry for review and comment. The comments were addressed in February 2002 and the Committee by a letter ballot voted to approve the document on March 29, 2002. It was then approved and adopted by the Council as a standard practice of the Soci
23、ety by action of the Board on Performance Test Codes voted on May 6, 2002. It was also approved as an American National Standard by the ANSI Board of Standards Review on July 3, 2002. V Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking pe
24、rmitted without license from IHS-,-NOTICE All Performance Test Codes MUST adhere to the requirements of PTC 1, GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. The following information is based on that document and is included here for emphasis and for the convenience of the user of this Supplement. It is expected that the C
25、ode user if fully cognizant of Parts I and III of PTC 1 and has read them prior to applying this Supplement. ASME Performance Test Codes provide test procedures which yield results of the highest level of accuracy consistent with the best engineering knowledge and practice currently available. They
26、were developed by balanced committees representing all concerned interests. They specify procedures, instrumentation, equipment operating requirements, calculation methods, and uncertainty analysis. When tests are in accordance with a Code, the test results themselves, without adjustment for uncerta
27、inty, yield the best available indication of the actual performance of the tested equipement. ASME Performance Test Codes do not specify means to compare those results to contractual guarantees. Therefore, it is recommended that the parties to a commercial test agree before starting the test and pre
28、ferably before signing the contract on the method to be used for comparing the test results to the contractual guarantees. It is beyond the scope of any Code to determine or interpret how such comparisons shall be made. vi Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for R
29、esaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-PERSONNEL OF PERFORMANCE TEST CODE COMMITTEE 50 FUEL CELL POWER SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE (The following is the roster of the Board at the time of approval of this Code.) OFFICERS A. J. Leo, Chair K. Hecht, Vice Chair J. H. Karian, Se
30、cretary COMMITTEE PERSONNEL D. H. Archer, Carnegie Mellon University P. J. Buckley, Energy Alternatives S. Comtois, H Power Enterprises of Canada, Inc. J. S. Frick, SCANA Corp. K. Hecht, UTC Fuel Cells F. H. Holcomb, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers J. H. Karian, The American Society of Mechanical Engin
31、eers B. Knaggs, Ballard Generation Systems M. Krumpelt, Argonne National Laboratory A. J. Leo, Fuel CeIl Energy A. Skok, Alternate, Fuel Cell Energy R. M. Privette, OMG Corp. L. A. Shockling, Siemens-Westinghouse Power Corp. R. P. Wicher, U.S. Fuel Cell Council M. C. Williams, U.S. DOE, NETL Copyrig
32、ht ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-P. G. Albert R. P. Allen R. L. Bannister J. M. Burns W. C. Campbell M. J. Dooley A. J. Egli J. R. Friedman P. M. Gerhart BOARD ON PERFORMANCE TEST CODES OFFIC
33、ERS S. J. Korellis, Chair J. R. Friedman, Vice Chair W. O. Hays, Secretary COMMITTEE PERSONNEL G. J. Gerber Y. Goland T. C. Heil T. S. Jonas D. R. Keyser S. J. Korellis P. M. McHale J. W. Milton G. H. Mittendorf, Ir. S. P. Nuspl A. L. Plumley R. R. Priestley J. W. Siegmund J. A. Silvaggio, Jr. W. G.
34、 Steele, Ir. J. C. Westcott J. G. Yost . VIII Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-ASME PTC 50-2002 FUEL CELL POWER SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE INTRODUCTION Fuel cells convert the energy of a fuel
35、 directly into electricity, eliminating the combustion stage that is characteristic of heat engines, and not requir- ing any moving parts. Instead, the fuel molecules (usually hydrogen often derived from hydrocarbon fuels) interact with the surface of an anode material to form reaction products, lib
36、erating electrons. The electrons flow through the electric load to the cath- ode where they react with an oxidant, typically oxygen from air. Ions migrate between the electrodes through the ionically conducting electrolyte to com- plete the circuit. The product of this electrochemical energy convers
37、ion process is water, but unlike heat engines, the process can take place at close to ambient temperature, or can also be conducted at higher temperatures, depending on the types of anode, electrolyte, and cathode materials. Since fuel cells are not heat engines, the efficiency of a fuel cell system
38、 is not limited by the Carnot principle. It can, in fact, vary over a fairly wide range. When the current density of the fuel cell is very low, the energy conversion efficiency ap- proaches the ratio of the Free Energy of Combustion of the fuel divided by the Enthalpy of Combustion. For methane this
39、 limit is 94%. However, such an operating mode would require a very large fuel cell and would be too expensive in most applications. In practice, fuel cell systems are designed to operate at a power density reflecting the most eco- nomical trade-off of fuel and capital costs. At the design point of
40、the system the power output of the system is specified by the manufacturer for certain standard conditions of fuel and air. It is the purpose of this Code to define in a commonly acceptable manner how the power output and the energy input should be measured and how the efficiency should be calculate
41、d. Section 1 defines the objective and scope of this Code. Section 2 is dedicated to defining a fuel cell system and to definitions of terms. It also contains a brief discussion of the major types of fuel cells. In Section 3, methodology of establishing test proto- col is outlined. Instrumentation f
42、or measuring the energy of the feed stream as well as of the exiting gases and liquids is given in Section 4, as is the instrumentation for measuring electric power. Sec- tion 5 describes how the efficiency of the systems shall be calculated from the measurements, and how corrections for nonstandard
43、 conditions shall be made. Typically, this performance test code would be used for an independent verification of the perform- ance of a particular fuel cell system by a customer or test agency. In the view of the members of the Committee, the described procedures are rigorous, and the test will req
44、uire committing significant re- sources. For the casual user of fuel cells, it will suffice to determine the electric output of the system under steady state conditions, and to measure the fuel feed rate. As mentioned above, the efficiency of a fuel cell system varies significantly with power densit
45、y. At power densities below the design point, the efficiency will usually increase, and it will de- crease when the power output exceeds the design point. One of the characteristics of fuel cells is the ability to operate them over a wide power range, even exceeding the design point by 50% for a few
46、 minutes. Under dynamic operating conditions the efficiency of a fuel cell would be different than at the design point, and would probably be higher, since most loads contain significant segments of low-power operation and normal system control (eg, for fuel flow) responds fairly quickly to these lo
47、ad conditions. Measuring the efficiency under dy- namic conditions goes beyond the scope of the document. 1 Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASMENot for ResaleNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS-,-ASME PTC 50-2002 SECTION 1 OBjECT AND SCOPE
48、 FUEL CELL POWER SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE 1.1 OBJECT This Code provides test procedures, methods, and definitions for the performance characterization of fuel cell power systems. Fuel cell power systems include all components required in the conversion of input fuel and oxidizer into output electrical an
49、d thermal energy. Performance characterization of fuel systems includes evaluating system energy inputs and electrical and thermal outputs to determine fuel- to-electrical energy conversion efficiency and where applicable, the overall thermal effectiveness. These efficiencies will be determined to an absolute uncer- tainty of less than 12% at a 95% confidence level. (For example, for a calculated effici
