1、Designation: D1322 151An American National StandardDesignation: 598/12Standard Test Method forSmoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1NOTESubsect
3、ion 13.2 was corrected editorially in August 2015.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determina-tion of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel, amanual procedure and an automated procedure, which giveresults with different precision.1.2 An interlaboratory study was
4、 conducted in 2012 (seeASTM RR:D02-1747 for supporting data) involving 11 manuallaboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samplestested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demon-strated objective rating and superior control and should beconsidered the preferred approach.1.3 The val
5、ues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate sa
6、fety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques t
7、o Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System Performance2.2 Energy Institute Standard:3IP 367 Petroleum products - Determination and applicationof precision data in relation to methods of testIP 598 Petroleum products - Determination of the smokepoint of kerosine, manual and automated methodNOTE 1Only IP
8、 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum(now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, nrefined petroleum distillate,generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionDifferent grades ar
9、e characterized byvolatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.3.1.2 kerosine, nrefined petroleum distillate, boiling be-tween 140 and 300C, generally used in lighting and heatingapplications.3.1.2.1 DiscussionDifferent grades are characterized byvolatility ranges and sulfur content.3.2 Defin
10、itions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 smoke point, nthe maximum height, in millimetres,of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp ofspecified design.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp thatis calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends
11、of known smokepoint. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved withthe test fuel without smoking is determined to the nearest0.5 mm with the manual apparatus and to the nearest 0.1 mmwith the automated apparatus.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relativ
12、esmoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.Current edition approved Ap
13、ril 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D1322 14a. DOI:10.1520/D1322-15E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
14、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.uk.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
15、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to thehydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally themore aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smokepoint indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.5.2 Th
16、e smoke point is quantitatively related to the potentialradiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel.Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on themetal temperature of combustor liners and other hot sectionparts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis forc
17、orrelation of fuel characteristics with the life of these com-ponents.6. Apparatus6.1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual), as shown in Fig. 1 anddescribed in detail in Annex A1.6.2 Smoke Point Lamp (Automated)4, in addition to thebasic components described in Annex A1, as shown in Fig. 2,automated units also
18、shall be equipped with a digital cameraconnected to a computer to analyze and record the height of theflame, a candle displacement system to adjust the height of theflame, and a barometric pressure acquisition system associatedto a calibration database to select the right calibration value forthe au
19、tomatic calculation of the correction factor defined in10.1.2.6.2.1 The digital camera associated to its dedicated softwareshall have a minimum resolution of 0.05 mm for the flameheight measurement.6.2.2 Due to the vastly superior resolution of the digitalcamera compared to the human eye, smoke poin
20、t shall bemeasured by the automated unit when available. In case ofdispute between results from manual and automated methods,the referee shall be considered the automated method.6.3 BarometerWith accuracy of 60.5 kPa.6.4 Wick, of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality,having the following c
21、haracteristics:Casing 17 ends, 66 tex by 3Filling 9 ends, 100 tex by 4Weft 40 tex by 2Picks 6 per centimetre6.5 Pipettes or Burettes, Class A.4The sole source of supply of the automated apparatus known to the committeeat this time is AD systems (www.adsystems-), model SP 10 Smoke Point,available fro
22、m AD systems, Alle de Cindais, P.A. Portes de la Suisse Normande,14320 Saint-Andr-sur-Orne, France. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technica
23、lcommittee,1which you may attend.FIG. 1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual)FIG. 2 Smoke Point Principle (Automated)D1322 15127. Reagents and Materials7.1 Toluene, ASTM Reference Fuel grade. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.1.)7.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), minimum purity99.75 mass %. (
24、WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (SeeAnnex A2.2.)7.3 Methanol (methyl alcohol), anhydrous. (WarningFlammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.3.)7.4 Reference Fuel Blends, appropriate to the fuels undertest, prepared accurately from toluene and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, in accordance with the composition
25、s given inTable 1, by means of calibrated burettes or pipettes, with aprecision of 60.2% or better.7.5 Heptane, minimum purity 99 mass %. (WarningExtremely flammable, vapor harmful if inhaled. (See AnnexA2.4.)8. Sampling and Preparation of Samples8.1 It is recommended samples shall be taken by thepr
26、ocedures described in Practice D4057. Use the sample asreceived. Allow all samples to come to ambient temperature(20 6 5C), without artificial heating. If the sample is hazy orappears to contain foreign material, filter through qualitativefilter paper.9. Preparation of ApparatusManual Apparatus9.1 P
27、lace the lamp in a vertical position in a room where itcan be completely protected from drafts. Carefully inspect eachnew lamp to ensure that the air holes in the gallery and the airinlets to the candle holder are all clean, unrestricted, and ofproper size. The gallery shall be so located that the a
28、ir holes arecompletely unobstructed.NOTE 2Slight variations in these items all have a marked effect on theprecision of the result obtained.9.1.1 If the room is not completely draft-free, place the lampin a vertical position in a box constructed of heat-resistantmaterial (not containing asbestos), op
29、en at the front. The top ofthe box shall be at least 150 mm above the top of the chimneyand the inside of the box painted dull black.Automated Apparatus9.2 Prepare the apparatus according to the manufacturersinstructions.9.3 Extract all wicks, either new or from a previousdetermination, for at least
30、 25 cycles in an extractor, using amixture of equal volumes of toluene and anhydrous methanol.Allow the wicks to dry partially in a hood before placing in theoven, or use a forced-draft and explosion-proof oven for dryingwicks, or both. Dry for 30 min at 100 to 110C, and store in adessicator until u
31、sed.9.3.1 Extracted wicks are commercially available and maybe used, provided that they have been certified as beingextracted by the procedure outlined in 9.3. Store purchasedextracted wicks in a desiccator over desiccant until use. Afteruse, extract these wicks as in 9.3 before using again.10. Cali
32、bration of ApparatusManual Apparatus10.1 Confirm calibration of the apparatus in accordancewith 10.1.3 or calibrate, if needed, in accordance with 10.1.1prior to first use of the day. Recalibrate when there has been achange in the apparatus or operator, or when a change of morethan 0.7 kPa occurs in
33、 the barometric pressure reading.10.1.1 Calibrate the apparatus by testing two of the refer-ence fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specifiedin Section 11 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of thesample. If this is not possible, use the two test blends havingtheir smoke poin
34、ts nearest to the smoke point of the sample.10.1.2 Determine the correction factor, f, for the apparatusfrom the equation:f 5As Ad!1Bs Bd!2(1)where:As = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuelblend,Ad = the smoke point determined for the first reference fuelblend,Bs = the standard smoke
35、 point of the second reference fuelblend, andBd = the smoke point determined for the second referencefuel blend.If the smoke point determined for the test fuel exactlymatches the smoke point determined for a reference fuel blend,use as the second bracketing reference fuel the reference fuelblend wit
36、h the next higher smoke point, if there is one.Otherwise, use the one with the next closest smoke point.10.1.3 An alternative approach to confirm calibration of theapparatus is for each operator to run a control sample each daythe apparatus is in use. Record the results and compare theaverage from t
37、he database of the control sample using controlcharts or equivalent statistical techniques. If the differenceexceeds the control limits or when new apparatus is used, thenthe apparatus must be recalibrated.Automated Apparatus10.2 The apparatus shall have a calibration database for thestorage of the
38、reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1.Each calibration test performed with the reference fuel blendsTABLE 1 Reference Fuel BlendsStandard Smoke Point at101.3 kPaToluene 2,2,4-trimethylpentanemm % (V/V) % (V/V)14.7 40 6020.2 25 7522.7 20 8025.8 15 8530.2 10 9035.4 5 9542.8 0 100D1322 1513
39、shall be stored in this database in addition with the barometricpressure observed at the moment the calibration was per-formed.10.2.1 The apparatus shall have the capability to automati-cally calculate the correction factor f according to Eq 1 byautomatically selecting in its calibration database th
40、e referencefuel blends values specified in Table 1, using the procedurespecified in Section 11 and the calculation specified in Section12 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the sample.If this is not possible, it shall use the two test blend resultshaving their smoke points nearest to th
41、e smoke point of thesample.NOTE 3The digital camera and the associated software replace theoperator eyes for the observation of the flame. Consequently it is notnecessary to recalibrate the apparatus when there has been a change in theoperator.10.2.2 Record the barometric pressure and check in theca
42、libration database that the instrument has been calibrated atthat recorded pressure 60.7 kPa. If no calibration values existfor the seven blends specified in Table 1 at the pressureobserved 60.7 kPa, calibrate the apparatus in accordance with10.2.3. If calibration values exist for the seven blends s
43、pecifiedin Table 1, in other words, if the instrument has been alreadycalibrated at the pressure observed, check the apparatus inaccordance with 10.2.4.NOTE 4Because the automated apparatus stores the smoke pointsobtained with the reference fuels at different barometric pressures, it is notnecessary
44、 to recalibrate the apparatus when a change of more than 0.7 kPaoccurs in the barometric pressure reading. Depending on the barometricpressure entered at the test initiation, the apparatus will automatically usethe correct stored values obtained with the fuel blends. If the correctvalues are not yet
45、 stored, the apparatus will prompt the operator in orderto perform the calibration at the pressure observed.10.2.3 Calibrate the apparatus by testing the seven referencefuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified inSection 11.10.2.4 At regular intervals of not more than seven days or
46、when there has been a change in the apparatus, verify that theapparatus is performing properly by using a quality control(QC) sample that is representative of the fuel(s) routinelytested by the laboratory to confirm that the apparatus is instatistical control following the guidelines given in Practi
47、ceD6299. If the difference exceeds the control limits, recalibratethe apparatus.11. Procedure11.1 Soak a piece of extracted and dried wick, not less than125 mm long, in the sample and place it in the wick tube of thecandle (Fig. 3). Carefully ease out any twists arising from thisoperation. In cases
48、of dispute, or of referee tests, always use anew wick, prepared in the manner specified in 9.3.11.1.1 It is advisable to resoak the burning-end of the wickin the sample after the wick is inserted in the wick tube.11.2 Introduce as near to 20 mL of the prepared sample asavailable, but not less than 1
49、0 mL, at room temperature, intothe clean, dry candle.11.3 Place the wick tube in the candle and screw home. Takecare that the candle air vent is free from fuel. If a wick-trimmerassembly is not being used, cut the wick horizontally and trimit free of frayed ends so that 6 mm projects from the end of thecandle. Use a clean razor blade or other sharp instrument.11.3.1 Some razor blades have a protective coating; in suchcases, remove the coating with a solvent before using the blade.11.3.2 An alternative method of preparing a wick free oftwis
