1、Designation: D2276 06 (Reapproved 2014) An American National StandardDesignation: 216/97Standard Test Method forParticulate Contaminant in Aviation Fuel by Line Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Departme
3、nt of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of particulatecontaminant in aviation turbine fuel using a field monitor.1.2 There are two test methods described. The basic testmethod is used to evaluate the level of contamination gravi-metrically. The second test method, present
4、ed in Appendix X1,describes a color rating technique that is used for rapidqualitative assessment of changes in contamination level with-out the time delay required for the gravimetric determinationsby stringent laboratory procedures.1.3 There are two Annexes and two Appendixes in this testmethod.1.
5、3.1 Annex A1 provides some precautionary informationregarding the use of the required reagents.1.3.2 Annex A2 describes a standard practice for obtaininga sample of the particulates present in a flowing stream ofaviation turbine fuel.1.3.3 Appendix X1 describes a test method for rating theparticulat
6、e level in an aviation turbine fuel on the basis of thecolor of a filter membrane after sampling the fuel in the field.1.3.4 Appendix X2 provides some safety precautions toavoid static discharge resulting from the accumulation ofelectrical charges in the fuel and on the equipment whilefollowing the
7、procedures.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to es
8、tablish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell SystemD1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine F
9、uelsD2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinatesD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5452 Test Method for Particulate Contamination in Avia-tion Fuels by Laboratory Filtrat
10、ionD6615 Specification for Jet B Wide-Cut Aviation TurbineFuel3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 membrane color, na visual rating of particulate on afilter membrane against ASTM Color Standards.3.1.2 membrane filter, na porous article of closely con-trolled pore size through which a liquid is passe
11、d to separatematter in suspension.3.1.2.1 DiscussionRR:D02-10123contains informationon membrane filters that meet the requirements therein.3.1.3 monitor, nsomething that reminds or warns.3.1.3.1 DiscussionA plastic holder for a membrane filterheld in a field sampling apparatus.3.1.4 particulate, adj
12、of or relating to minute separateparticles.3.1.4.1 DiscussionSolids generally composed of oxides,silicates, and fuel insoluble salts.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
13、 and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and acceptedby the Cooperating Societies in accordance with established procedures.Current edition approved June 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally app
14、rovedin 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D227606. DOI: 10.1520/D2276-06R14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Sum
15、mary page onthe ASTM website.3Supporting data (and a list of suppliers who have provided data indicating theirmembranes, field monitors, and field monitor castings) have been filed at ASTMInternational Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research ReportRR:D02-1012.Copyright ASTM Internati
16、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 volatile fuels, nrelatively wide boiling range volatiledistillate.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThese are identified as Jet B in Speci-fication D6615 or the military grade known as JP-4.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A
17、known volume of fuel is filtered through a preweighedtest membrane filter in a field monitor and the increase inmembrane filter mass determined after washing and drying.The change in mass of a control membrane filter locatedimmediately below the test membrane filter is also determined.The objective
18、of using a control membrane is to assess whetherthe fuel itself influences the weight of a membrane. Theparticulate contaminant is determined from the increase inmass of the test membrane filter relative to the controlmembrane filter.4.2 This test method employs a field monitor to filter asample of
19、fuel that is taken in the field by the samplingprocedure detailed in Annex A2.4.3 For situations where it is not possible to take a fieldmonitor sample, procedures are given in Test Method D5452for the determination of particulate contaminant in a fuelsample by laboratory filtration.4.4 Appendix X1
20、describes a method for color-rating usedfilter membranes.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a gravimetric measurement ofthe particulate matter present in a sample of aviation turbinefuel by line sampling. The objective is to minimize thesecontaminants to avoid filter plugging and o
21、ther operationalproblems. Although tolerable levels of particulate contami-nants have not yet been established for all points in fueldistribution systems, the total contaminant measurement isnormally of most interest. The Appendix X1 color ratingmethod is useful for fuel system monitoring purposes.
22、Noquantitative relationship exists between gravimetric and colorrating test results.6. Apparatus6.1 Analytical Balance, single- or double-pan, the precisionstandard deviation of which must be 0.07 mg or better.6.2 Oven, of the static type (without fan-assisted aircirculation), controllable to 90 6 5
23、C.6.3 Petri Dishes, approximately 125 mm in diameter withremovable glass supports for membrane filters.6.4 Forceps, flat-bladed with unserrated, non-pointed tips.6.5 Vacuum System.6.6 Test Membrane Filters,3,4plain, 37-mm diameter,nominal pore size 0.8 m (see Note 1).6.7 Control Membrane Filters,3,4
24、37-mm diameter, nominalpore size 0.8 m. (Gridded control membrane filters may beused for purpose of identification.)NOTE 1Matched weight membrane filters,437-mm diameter, nominalpore size 0.8 m, may be used as test and control membrane filters if sodesired. Use of matched-weight membrane filters pre
25、cludes the necessityfor carrying out subsequently the procedures detailed in Section 8.6.8 Dispenser for Flushing Fluid, 0.45-m membrane filtersto be provided in the delivery line (see Fig. 1). Alternatively,flushing fluid that has been pre-filtered through a 0.45 mmembrane before delivery to the di
26、spenser flask is acceptable.6.9 Field Monitors,4complete with protective plugs and34-mm support pads.6.10 Air Ionizer, for the balance case (see Note 2 and Note3).NOTE 2When using a solid-pan balance, the air ionizer may beomitted provided that, when weighing a membrane filter, it is placed onthe pa
27、n so that no part protrudes over the edge of the pan.NOTE 3Air ionizers should be replaced within 1 year of manufacture.6.11 Multimeter/VOM, used for determining whether elec-trical continuity is 10 or less between 2 points.6.12 Field Monitor Flushing Apparatus, of the type shownin Fig. 2. It consis
28、ts of a receiving flask large enough to containthe flushing fluid and shall be equipped with a side arm toconnect to the vacuum system. Reagent resistant tubing shallbe arranged to allow passage of a grounding wire.An assemblyof reagent grade resistant tubing and bung fitted with a glasstube shall b
29、e assembled as shown in Fig. 2 to attach to a fieldmonitor.6.13 Ground/Bond Wire, Nos. 10 through 19, (0.912 to2.59 mm) bare stranded flexible stainless steel or copperinstalled in the flask and grounded as shown in Fig. 2.4All available membrane filters are not suitable for this application. Appara
30、tusconsidered for this application shall be checked by the user for suitability inaccordance with the requirements of RR:D02-1012, 1994 revision.FIG. 1 Apparatus for Filtering and Dispensing Flushing FluidD2276 06 (2014)27. Reagents7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all te
31、sts. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.5Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsuff
32、iciently high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.7.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as definedby Type III of Specification D1193.7.3 Isopropyl Alcohol, reagent grade. (WarningFlammable. S
33、ee A1.1.)7.4 Liquid Detergent, water-soluble.7.5 Flushing Fluids:7.5.1 Petroleum Spirit (also known as petroleum ether or IPPetroleum Spirit 40/60) (WarningExtremely flammable.Harmful if inhaled. Vapors are easily ignited by electrostaticdischarges, causing flash fire. See A1.2.), having boiling ran
34、gefrom 35 to 60C.8. Preparation of Test and Control Membrane Filtersand Field Monitors Prior to Sampling8.1 Two 37-mm membrane filters of nominal pore size 0.8m are required: a test and a control membrane filter. Matched-weight membrane filters may be used if so desired (see Note 1).If matched-weigh
35、t membrane filters are used, it is unnecessaryto carry out the procedures detailed in this section because theyhave been carried out previously by the membrane filtersupplier. The two membrane filters used for each individualtest should be identified by marking the petri dishes used ascontainers. Gl
36、assware used in preparation of membrane filtersshall be cleaned as described in Section 10.8.1.1 Using forceps, place the test and control membranefilters side by side in a clean petri dish. To facilitate handlingthe membrane filters should rest on clean glass support rods inthe petri dish.8.1.2 Pla
37、ce the petri dish with its lid slightly ajar, in an ovenat 90 6 5C and leave it for 30 min.8.1.3 Remove the petri dish from the oven and place it nearthe balance. The petri dish cover should be ajar but stillprotecting the membrane filters from contamination from theatmosphere. Allow 30 min for the
38、membrane filters to come toequilibrium with the ambient air temperature and humidity.8.1.4 Remove the control membrane filter from the petridish with forceps, handling by the edge only, and place itcentrally on the weighing pan.Weigh it and return it to the petridish.8.1.5 Repeat 8.1.4 for the test
39、membrane filter. Record themembrane filter masses.8.1.6 Take a clean field monitor, mark for identification,rinse with filtered flushing fluid, and insert a clean support pad.8.1.7 Using clean forceps, place the weighed control mem-brane filter centrally on the support pad in the field monitor andpl
40、ace the weighed test membrane filter on top of the controlmembrane filter. Assemble the two parts of the field monitor,ensuring that the membrane filters are firmly clamped insideand the protective plugs are in position.8.1.8 Record the monitor identification.9. Sampling and Testing Procedure9.1 Whe
41、n possible, 3.785 L (1 gal) to 5 L (1.321 gal) of fuelshould be passed through the monitor during field sampling.The sample volume actually employed shall be reported.(WarningJet A, combustible. Vapor harmful. See A1.3.)(WarningJet B, extremely flammable. Harmful if inhaled.Vapors may cause flash fi
42、re. See A1.4.)9.2 See Annex A2 for specific details of sampling practicesthat shall be followed.10. Preparation of Flushing Apparatus10.1 Fig. 2 shows the recommended configuration of theflushing apparatus. Alternative apparatus may be used, pro-vided that it achieves the same end.10.1.1 Wash the pe
43、tri dishes and supports with warm watercontaining detergent. Then rinse with warm water and finallywith distilled water.10.1.2 Rinse thoroughly with filtered isopropyl alcohol.10.1.3 Rinse thoroughly with filtered flushing fluid.10.1.4 Drain for a few seconds, and then air or oven dry.10.2 Ensure th
44、at all glass and plastic tubing attached to thesolvent filtering dispenser is clean by flushing thoroughly withfiltered flushing fluid.11. Flushing and Weighing Procedure11.1 Upon receipt of the field monitor in the laboratory,assemble the apparatus shown in Fig. 2 with the field monitorin place on
45、the stopper of the vacuum flask.5Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K.,
46、and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 2 Field Monitor Flushing ApparatusD2276 06 (2014)3NOTE 4Take care to ensure that monitors are tightly closed andpreferably clamped. Spring paper clips have been found suitable for
47、thispurpose.11.2 Place the tip of the delivery spout of the solventfiltering dispenser in direct contact with the monitor inlet hole.Introduce filtered flushing fluid.11.3 Apply vacuum to the flask and allow approximately250 mL of filtered flushing fluid to pass from the flushing fluiddispenser thro
48、ugh the monitor and into the vacuum flask.11.4 Remove the flushing fluid dispenser and slowly releasethe vacuum.11.5 Remove the monitor from the stopper of the vacuumflask and carefully dismantle it in an upright position.11.6 Carefully remove the test and control membrane filters,and place side by
49、side on clean glass supports in a clean,covered petri dish.NOTE 5The test and control membrane filters can be removed fromthe monitor by pushing upwards against the support pad through the outletorifice with a thin dowel.11.7 Dry and reweigh the membrane filters as described in8.1.2 8.1.5, taking care not to disturb the contaminant on thesurface of the test membrane filter.12. Calculation and Report12.1 Subtract the initial mass of the test membrane filter,W1, from the final mass, W2.12.2 Subtract the initial mass of the control membrane filter,W3,
