1、Designation: D229 13Standard Test Methods forRigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for ElectricalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D229; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover procedures f
3、or testing rigidelectrical insulation normally manufactured in flat sheet orplate form.They are generally used as terminal boards, spacers,voltage barriers, and circuit boards.1.2 Use Test Methods D619 (withdrawn) or SpecificationD710 for tests applying to vulcanized fibre.1.3 Some of the test metho
4、ds contained in this standard aresimilar to those contained in IEC 60893-2, which applies torigid industrial laminated sheets based on thermosetting resinsfor electrical purposes.1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:Test SectionsASTMTestMethodAcetone extractable matter 83 to 84 D494
5、Arc resistance 47 D495Ash 56 to 60 .Bonding strength 49 to 54 .Burning rate and flame resistance 61 to 75 .Compressive strength 25 D695Conditioning 4 D6054Dissipation factor 34 to 40 D669Dielectric strength 28 to 33 D149Expansion (linear thermal) 76 D696Flexural properties 12 to 24 D790Hardness (Roc
6、kwell) 55 D785Insulation resistance and resistivity 41 to 46 D257Permittivity 34 to 40 D150Resistance to impact 26 D256Tensile properties 7 to 11 D638Thickness 5 to 6 D374Tracking resistance 48 D2132Warp or twist 77 to 82 .Water absorption 27 D5701.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be r
7、egardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This is a fire-test-response standard. See Sections 61through 75, which are the procedures for burning rate andflame resistance.1.7 Th
8、is standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tion
9、ary statements are given in 31.1 and 1.8.1.8 This standard measures and describes the response ofmaterials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate allfactors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products,
10、or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D149 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage andDielectric Strength of Solid
11、 Electrical Insulating Materialsat Commercial Power FrequenciesD150 Test Methods forAC Loss Characteristics and Permit-tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical InsulationD256 Test Methods for Determining the Izod PendulumImpact Resistance of PlasticsD257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Con
12、ductance ofInsulating MaterialsD374 Test Methods for Thickness of Solid Electrical Insu-lation (Withdrawn 2013)3D494 Test Method for Acetone Extraction of PhenolicMolded or Laminated ProductsD495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM
13、 Committee D09 onElectrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.07 on Flexible and Rigid Insulating Materials.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. Originallyapproved in 1925. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D22
14、9 09b. DOI:10.1520/D0229-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of thi
15、s historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1Resistance of Solid Electrical InsulationD570 Test Method for Water Ab
16、sorption of PlasticsD617 Test Method for Punching Quality of Phenolic Lami-nated Sheets (Withdrawn 2003)3D619 Test Methods for Vulcanized Fibre Used for ElectricalInsulationD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD669 Test Method for Dissipation Factor and PermittivityParallel with Lamina
17、tions of Laminated Sheet and PlateMaterials (Withdrawn 2012)3D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expan-sion of Plastics Between 30C and 30C with a VitreousSilica DilatometerD710 Specification for Vulcanized Fibre Sheets, Rods
18、, andTubes Used for Electrical InsulationD785 Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics andElectrical Insulating MaterialsD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-alsD792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
19、tive Density) of Plastics by DisplacementD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1674 Test Method for Testing Polymerizable EmbeddingCompounds Used for Electrical Insulation (Withdrawn1990)3D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationD1825 Practice for Etching and Cleaning Copper-Clad Elec-tric
20、al Insulating Materials and Thermosetting Laminatesfor Electrical Testing (Withdrawn 2012)3D2132 Test Method for Dust-and-Fog Tracking and ErosionResistance of Electrical Insulating MaterialsD2303 Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating MaterialsD3487 S
21、pecification for Mineral Insulating Oil Used inElectrical ApparatusD5032 Practice for Maintaining Constant Relative Humidityby Means of Aqueous Glycerin SolutionsD6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Mate-rials for Testing (Withdrawn 2012)3E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE197 Speci
22、fication for Enclosures and Servicing Units forTests Above and Below Room Temperature (Withdrawn1981)32.2 IEC Standard:IEC 608932 Specification for Rigid Industrial LaminatedSheets Based on Thermosetting Resins for ElectricalPurpose, Methods of Tests42.3 International Organization for Standardizatio
23、n (ISO)Standard:ISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRigid electrical insulating materials aredefined in these test methods in accordance with TerminologyD883. The terminology applied to materials in these testmethods shall be in accordance with the terms appearing inTermin
24、ologies D883 and D1711. Use Terminology E176 andISO 13943 for definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with fire issues. Where differences exist indefinitions, those contained inTerminology E176 shall be used.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 In referring to
25、 the cutting, application, and loading ofthe specimens, the following terms apply:3.2.1.1 crosswise (CW), adjin the direction of the sheet at90 to the lengthwise direction. This is normally the weakestdirection in flexure. For some materials, including the rawmaterials used for manufacture of materi
26、als considered herein,this direction may be designated as the cross-machine directionor the weft direction.3.2.1.2 edgewise loading, nmechanical force applied inthe plane of the original sheet or plate.3.2.1.3 flatwise loading, nmechanical force applied nor-mal to the surfaces of the original sheet
27、or plate.3.2.1.4 lengthwise (LW), adjin the direction of the sheetwhich is strongest in flexure. For some materials, including theraw materials used for the manufacture of materials consideredherein, this direction may be designated as the machinedirection or the warp direction.3.2.2 In referring to
28、 bonding strength, the following termapplies:3.2.2.1 bonding strength, nthe force required to split aprescribed specimen under the test conditions specified herein.4. Conditioning4.1 The properties of the materials described in these testmethods are affected by the temperature and moisture exposureo
29、f the materials to a greater or lesser extent, depending on theparticular material and the specific property. Control of tem-perature and humidity exposure is undertaken to: (1 ) obtainsatisfactory test precision, or (2) study the behavior of thematerial as influenced by specific temperature and hum
30、idityconditions.4.2 Unless otherwise specified in these test methods or by aspecific ASTM material specification, or unless material be-havior at a specific exposure is desired, condition test speci-mens in accordance with Procedure A of Practice D6054 andtest in the Standard Laboratory Atmosphere (
31、23 6 1.1 C, 506 2 % relative humidity).THICKNESS5. Apparatus and Procedure5.1 Measure thickness in accordance with Test MethodsD374.5.2 On test specimens, the use of a machinists micrometeras specified in Method B is satisfactory for the determination ofthickness for all of the test methods that fol
32、low. Where it isconvenient, use the deadweight dial micrometer, Method C.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211, Geneva 20, Swit
33、zerland or from American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D229 1325.3 On large sheets, use Method B. Choose a micrometerwith a yoke of sufficient size and rigidity to permit accuratemeasurements in the center of the sheet.6. Precis
34、ion and Bias6.1 Results of comparative tests in several factories, mea-suring 36-in. (914-mm) square sheets by a variety of suchdevices, indicate that the trade is able to measure sheets132 and18 in. (1 and 3 mm) in thickness to accuracy of 0.0015 in.(0.0381 mm). (In the tests, , of 0.0005 in. (0.01
35、27 mm) wasobtained.)6.2 This test method has no bias because the value forbreaking strength is determined solely in terms of this testmethod itself.TENSILE PROPERTIES7. Test Specimens7.1 Machine the test specimens from sample material toconform to the dimensions of sheet and plate materials in Fig.1
36、.7.2 Prepare four LW and four CW specimens.8. Rate of Loading8.1 The materials covered by these test methods generallyexhibit high elastic modulus. Use any crosshead speed pro-vided that the load and strain indicators are capable of accuratemeasurement at the speed used, except use 0.05 in./min (1mm
37、/min) in matters of dispute.9. Procedure9.1 Measure the tensile strength and elastic modulus inaccordance with Test Method D638 except as modified in thefollowing paragraphs.9.2 Measure the width and thickness of the specimen to thenearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) at several points along the lengthof th
38、e flat section, which is indicated as Dimension F in Fig. 1.Record the minimum values of cross-sectional area so deter-mined.9.3 Place the specimen in the grips of the testing machine,taking care to align the long axis of the specimen and the gripswith an imaginary line joining the points of attachm
39、ent of thegrips to the machine.Allow 0.25 in. (6.3 mm) between the endsof the gripping surfaces and the shoulders of the fillet of the flattest specimen; thus, it is important that the ends of the grippingsurfaces be the indicated distance apart, as shown in Fig. 1,atthe start of the test. Tighten t
40、he grips evenly and firmly to thedegree necessary to prevent slippage of the specimen duringthe test, but not to the point where the specimen would becrushed.9.4 Tensile StrengthSet the rate of loading. Load thespecimen at the indicated rate until the specimen ruptures.Record the maximum load (usual
41、ly the load at rupture).9.5 Elastic ModulusWhen elastic modulus is desired, usea load-extension recorder with appropriate extension transmit-ter and proceed as in 9.3. Attach the extension transmitter, andproceed as in 9.4.DimensionNominal Thickness, TTolerance14 in. (6 mm) or UnderOver14 in. (6 mm)
42、 to12 in.(13 mm), inclOver12 in. (13 mm) to 1in. (25 mm), inclAType I Type IIBType I Type IIBType Imm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in.CWidth over-all 19.05 0.750 19.05 0.750 28.57 1.125 28.57 1.125 38.10 1.500 0.40 + 0.0160.00 0.000WWidth of flat section 12.70 0.500 6.35 0.250 19.05 0.750 9.52
43、 0.375 25.40 1.000 + 0.12 + 0.005FLength of flat section 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.250 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 57.1 2.25 0.40 0.016GGauge lengthC50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 50.8 2.00 0.40 0.016DDistance between grips 114 412 133 514 114 412 133 514 133 514 3 18LLength over-all 216 812 238 938 248 934
44、 257 1018 305 12 min minRad.Radius of fillet 76 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 76 3 min minAFor sheets of a nominal thickness over 1 in. (25.4 mm) machine the specimens to 1 in. (25.4 mm) 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) in thickness. For thickness between 1 in. (25.4mm) and 2 in. (51 mm), machine approximately equal amounts
45、from each surface. For thicker sheets, machine both surfaces and note the location of the specimen withreference to the original thickness.BUse the type II specimen for material from which the Type I specimen does not give satisfactory failures in the gauge length, such as for resin-impregnated comp
46、ressedlaminated wood.CTest marks only.FIG. 1 Tension Test Specimen for Sheet and Plate Insulating MaterialsD229 13310. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Complete identification of the material tested,10.1.2 Type of test specimen (I or II),10.1.3 Conditioning if other than specified,
47、10.1.4 Speed of testing,10.1.5 Calculated tensile strength, average, maximum, andminimum in lb/in.2(MPa), for LW and CW specimens,respectively,10.1.6 Calculated elastic modulus when applicable,average, maximum, and minimum in lb/in.2(MPa), for LW andCW specimens, respectively, and10.1.7 Any other te
48、nsile property calculated from the mea-surements obtained.11. Precision and Bias11.1 This test method has been in use for many years, but nostatement for precision has been made and no activity isplanned to develop such a statement.11.2 This test method has no bias because the value forbreaking stre
49、ngth is determined solely in terms of this testmethod itself. See Test Method D638 for a discussion ofprecision and bias for tensile testing of plastics.FLEXURAL PROPERTIES12. Test Specimens12.1 Test four LW and four CW specimens machined fromsample material in accordance with Test Methods D790.12.2 Do not use conventional flexure tests in a flatwisedirection for materials thinner than 1/32 in. (1 mm). Do not useconventional flexure tests in an edgewise direction for materi-als thinner than in. (6 mm).13. Rate of Loading13.1 Th
