1、Designation: D3240 15 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forUndissolved Water In Aviation Turbine Fuels1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers
3、the measurement of undissolvedwater in aviation turbine fuels in flowing fuel streams withoutexposing the fuel sample to the atmosphere or to a samplecontainer. The usual range of test readings covers from 1 to60 ppm of free water. This test method does not detect waterdissolved in the fuel, and thu
4、s test results for comparable fuelstreams can vary with fuel temperature and the degree of watersolubility in the fuel.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-pri
5、ate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 free water, nwater not dissolved in the fuel.2.1.2 Free Water Independent of Pad Reader (FWIPR), nacalculated result which pr
6、ovides free water independent of testpad reader used for measurement. FWIPR equations weredeveloped from the 2011 ILS data.23. Summary of Test Method3.1 A measured sample of fuel is passed through as uraninedye-treated filter pad. Undissolved (free) water in the fuel willreact with the uranine dye.
7、When the pad is subsequentlyilluminated by ultraviolet (UV) light, the dye previouslycontacted by free water will fluoresce a bright yellow with thebrightness increasing for increasing amounts of free water inthe fuel. The light-illuminated pad is compared to a knownstandard using a photocell compar
8、ator, and the free water in thefuel sample is read out in parts per million by volume. Byvarying the fuel sample size, the range of the test method canbe increased.4. Significance and Use4.1 Undissolved (free) water in aviation fuel can encouragethe growth of microorganisms and subsequent corrosion
9、in thetanks of aircraft and can also lead to icing of filters in the fuelsystem. Control of free water is exercised in ground fuelingequipment by use of filter-coalescers and water separators.5. Apparatus5.1 Test Pad Rater (UV Source Device)A device3,4,5,6forcomparing the fluorescence of the test pa
10、d to a known standard,while both are illuminated by the same source of UV light,shall be used. The amount of UV light striking the standardshall be modulated until the total fluorescence of the test padand the standard are equal; this shall be determined using aphotocell bridge circuit null indicato
11、r. The light modulatingdevice for controlling the UV light striking the standard shallprovide a direct reading in parts per million by volume of freewater.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibi
12、lity ofSubcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.Current edition approved June 15, 2015. Published August 2015. Originallyapproved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D3240 11. DOI:10.1520/D3240-15.2Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained
13、 by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1804. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.3The Aqua-Glo Series II instrument manufactured by Gammon TechnicalProducts, Inc., P.O. Box 400, Manasquan, NJ 08736-0400 was used in the originalprecision test program (RR:D02-1195). The unit is currently ava
14、ilable in a Series Vconfiguration, which is changed only in the power supply. All water contentmeasuring components remain of the same configuration as the Series II instrument.Manufacturers who wish to offer similar products are referred to Committee D02Equipment Replacement Guidelines.4The sole so
15、urce of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis Gammon Technical Products Inc., P.O. Box 400, Manasquan, NJ 08736-0400.5The Digital Aqua-Glo (trademarked) instrument is manufactured by GammonTechnical Products, Inc., P.O. Box 400, Manasquan, NJ 08736-0400. At instrumentstart-up
16、, the display of software version 5.0 indicates that the electronic settings ofthe prototype units utilized in the 2011 ILS are in use. Because the electronicsettings were not optizimed at the time of the 2011 ILS, these units are onlypermitted to display calculated FWIPR results. Gammon Technical P
17、roducts isworking toward ASTM approval of Digital Aqua-Glo instruments with optimizedelectronic settings.6If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information toASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consider-ation at a meeting of the responsible te
18、chnical committee,1which you may attend.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15.2 Test Pad Rater (LED Source Device)A device6,7forrating the fluorescence of th
19、e test pad directly by illuminationby a narrow band light source provided by colored LEDs. Thetotal fluorescence of the test pad is measured directly using aphoto sensitive transistor. The intensity of the fluorescencemeasurement is converted by the device and shall provide adirect reading in parts
20、per million by volume of free water.5.3 Test PadsAbsorbent filter disks of 25 mm diametershall be coated on one side with uranine (sodium fluorescein)dye at a concentration of 0.23 mg to 0.29 mg per 25 mm pad.The test pads4,8shall be individually packaged in hermeticallysealed envelopes or other sui
21、table containers. Fresh, unusedtest pads shall have an orange color over the dyed surface. Anydiscoloration, unevenness in dye content, or faded (to a yellowcolor) appearance shall be cause for rejection.5.4 Test Pad Holder4,9and Sampling LineA test padholder and sampling line shall be used to draw
22、the fuel samplethrough the test pad at a rate of 600 mL min to 800 mL min.Means shall be provided to flush the test pad sampling line andholder immediately prior to use. The test pad holder shallinclude an orifice of 1 mm (0.040 in.) diameter upstream of thepad to disperse water droplets in the fuel
23、.5.5 TweezersSuitable clean, dry tweezers shall be used atall times when handling the test pad.5.6 Blotting PaperClean, dry, absorbent paper towels,blotters, etc., shall be provided for blotting the test pad prior torating to remove excess fuel. The blotter paper shall neitherimpart color or stain n
24、or leave any residue on the test pads.5.7 Sampling Valve Connection, designed to meet the fol-lowing requirements: (1) It shall be mounted in the samplingpoint and must incorporate a self-sealing quick action couplingdesigned to mate with a suitable connection leading to theselector valve of the sam
25、pling assembly. (2) It must becompletely resistant to fuel and be leak proof up to themaximum working pressures to be encountered. (3) It musthave a minimum of internal recesses which could cause theholdup of contaminant. (4) It must be provided with a dust cap.5.8 Calibrating Standard (UV Source De
26、vice)Field cali-bration of the instrument should be performed using a calibrat-ing standard of known values.5.9 Calibrating Standard (LED Source Device)Factorycalibration of the device shall be performed as prescribed inSection 8.5.10 Field Verification (LED Source Device)If the opera-tion of the in
27、strument needs to be verified, an unused pad maybe inserted for reading; the value shall be less than 0.5 ppm. Areference target, available from the manufacturer, when in-serted into the device shall read within the limits printed on therear of the reference target.6. Sampling6.1 The following proce
28、dure is applicable for dynamic linesamples only; that is, taking the fuel sample directly from thetest system and through the test pad without exposing thesample to the atmosphere or to a sample container. The use ofsample containers such as bottles or cans for the temporarystorage of the sample wil
29、l result in large errors and is notrecommended.NOTE 1The amount of free water in a sample is very sensitive to thetemperature of the sample. The use of sample containers such as bottles orcans can result in large errors due to changes in sample temperature,adsorption of water on container walls, etc
30、.6.2 Attach the test pad holder assembly to the sampling porton the system.6.3 Flush the test pad holder assembly immediately prior tosampling, displacing the sampling line with at least twovolumes of test fuel.6.4 Remove the sampling assembly, open the pad holder,and insert the new test pad using t
31、weezers making sure that thetreated side of the test pad is facing upstream. Installation of athree-way valve immediately upstream of the test pad holderwill permit flushing with the test pad in place.NOTE 2Do not remove the test pad from the hermetically sealedpackage until ready for use. Do not al
32、low any discrete water droplets tocome into contact with the pad (from rain, sneezing, coughing, etc.).Exposure of the test pad to the atmosphere, especially on humid days, willalso ruin the pad in a matter of minutes.6.5 Pass 500 mL of fuel through the pad, accurately mea-suring the test sample qua
33、ntity. Normal sample volume is500 mLof test fuel, but if the reading is off scale (on high side),sample volumes down to 100 mL in volume may be used. Inthe latter case, a small graduated cylinder should be used tomeasure the sample volume.6.6 Measure and record the temperature of the sample.7. Calib
34、ration (UV Source Devices)7.1 Aqua-GloThe calibrating standard4,10correspondingto a given undissolved water content is placed in the test padwindow. Turn on the lamp and press the photocell comparatorbutton. Zero the photocell comparator by adjusting the lightmodulating lever until there is a steady
35、 reading for 10 s to 15 s.This may take a minute or longer. Always move the lightmodulating lever in the same direction when zeroing thephotocell comparator in calibration or testing to eliminateerrors caused by play in the lever. If the reading obtained doesnot agree with the calibration pad rating
36、, adjust the photocellcomparator by removing the plug screw on the side of thephotocell comparator at the 45 bend. Insert a smallscrewdriver, and adjust as necessary. Repeat the above proce-dure until the rating obtained agrees with the calibration padrating. The instrument should be calibrated prio
37、r to use eachday, after each hour of use, and when the ultraviolet lightbattery is replaced or recharged.7The sole source of supply of the LED Source Device JF-WA1 instrumentknown to the committee at this time is manufactured by D-2 Incorporated, 19Commerce Park Road, Pocasset, MA02559. This instrum
38、ent was used in a precisiontest program; reference Research Report RR:D02-1712.8Aqua-Glo test pads were used in the Precision Test Program.9A test pad holder was used in the Precision Test Program.10Replacement calibrating standards, but only if the fluorescing standard for theinstrument is returned
39、 for comparison rating.D3240 1527.2 Digital Aqua-GloInternal calibration is conducted au-tomatically prior to every test.8. Calibration (LED Source Device)8.1 The unit maintains a stable factory calibration for periodin excess of one year due to the stability of the LED source anddetector. Factory c
40、alibration should occur in accordance withthe device manual, which is recommended on an annual basis.The JF-WA1 can be field calibrated using a calibration kit fromthe supplier, reference Appendix X2 for details.8.2 The JF-WA1 is provided with a verification shuttle. Thisshuttle has a standardized l
41、ow and high reference sourcemounted on opposite sides. Insert the verification shuttle fullyinto the JF-WA1 shuttle slot; wait until a value is displayed(approximately 1 s to 2 s). Verify the value is the within thetolerance as marked on the verification shuttle. Remove theshuttle, turn over, and re
42、peat for the second standard. Verify thesecond value is the within the tolerance as marked on theverification shuttle. If both values are within tolerance, theJF-WA1 is ready for use and will provide data in accordancewith this method, consult X2.1 for action if an out of tolerancecondition is encou
43、ntered.9. Rating Procedure (UV Source Devices)9.1 Remove the test pad from the sampling holder usingtweezers and press between dry paper blotters or absorbenttowels to remove excess fuel. To blot, press firmly (about 5 lbforce) 3 or 4 times with heel of hand, moving the pad withtweezers each time.9.
44、1.1 For maximum accuracy the test pad should be readwithin 3 min after sampling is initiated. If the test pad is notread immediately after sampling, it must be placed in adesiccator to prevent moisture pickup from the air. However,ratings made on dried test pads, that is, not damp with fuel,should b
45、e avoided if possible since they will give high anderroneous results. Conversely, rating a pad which has not beenwell blotted will give a low reading as the excess fuel willabsorb part of the UV light and decrease fluorescence.9.2 Aqua-Glo:9.2.1 Using tweezers, put the pad into the pad rating device
46、.Turn on the lamp and press the photocell button. Continuouslyzero the photocell comparator by adjusting the light modulat-ing lever until there is a steady reading for 10 s to 15 s. Alwaysmove the light modulating lever in the same direction whenzeroing the photocell comparator to eliminate errors
47、caused bybacklash. This may take a minute or longer. Turn off theinstrument light immediately after use to conserve batterypower.9.2.1.1 The ultraviolet light must be on to get a reading.This can be checked by moving the light modulating lever fromone extreme to another. The photocell comparator met
48、er needleshould swing violently when this is done.9.2.2 Record the instrument reading (estimated to the near-est tenth) and the sample volume. Record the temperature ofthe fuel.9.2.3 Visual observation of the used test pad is often ofvalue. This is easily accomplished by removing the photocellcompar
49、ator assembly and viewing the test pad. Free water infuel is normally well dispersed and will form an even distri-bution of many, small points of yellow fluorescence on the testpad when illuminated by ultraviolet light. Large water drops,however, will form a few, large spots of yellow fluorescence onthe pad. These large spots may give erroneous readings; theresult should be disregarded and a new sample tested.9.3 Digital Aqua-Glo:9.3.1 Open instrument case and turn on by sliding the powerswitch to the left.9.3.2 To test a sample, use the cursor up/down buttons toin
