1、Designation: D5364 14 An American National StandardStandard Guide forDesign, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced(FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5364; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONFederal and state environmental regulations have imp
3、osed strict requirements to clean the gasesleaving a chimney. These regulations have resulted in taller chimneys (6001000 ft (183305 m) andlower gas temperatures (120200F (4993C) due to the use of Air Quality Compliance Systems(ACQS). These regulations led to the development of fiber reinforced plas
4、tics (FRP) chimney linersin the 1970s.Fiberglass-reinforced plastic liners have proven their capability to resist corrosion and carry loadsover long periods of time. Successful service has been demonstrated in the utility and general-processindustries for over 40 years. The taller FRPstructures and
5、larger diameters (1030 ft (39 m) imposednew design, fabrication, and erection challenges.The design, fabrication, and erection of FRP liners involves disciplines which must address thespecific characteristics of the material. Areas that have been shown to be of importance include thefollowing:(1) Fl
6、ue-gas characteristics such as chemical composition, water and acid dew points, operatingand excursion temperature, velocity, etc.(2) Plant operation as it relates to variations in the flue-gas characteristics.(3) Material selection and laminate design.(4) Quality control throughout the design, fabr
7、ication, and erection process to ensure the integrityof the corrosion barrier and the structural laminate.(5) Secondary bonding of attachments, appurtenances, and joints.(6) Installation and handling.(7) Inspections and Confirmation Testing.Chimney components include an outer shell, one or more inne
8、r liners, breeching ductwork, andmiscellaneous platforms, elevators, ladders, and miscellaneous components. The shell providesstructural integrity to environmental forces such as wind, earthquake, ambient temperatures, andsupports the liner or liners. The liner or liners inside the shell protects th
9、e shell from the thermal,chemical, and abrasive environment of the hot boiler gases (generally 120560F (49293C). Theseliners have been made of FRP, acid-resistant brick, carbon steel, stainless steel, high-alloy steel,shotcrete-coated steel, and shotcrete-coated shells. The selection of the material
10、 type depends on thechemical composition and temperature of the flue gas, liner height, diameter, and seismic zone. Also,variations in flue-gas characteristics and durations of transient temperatures affect material selectionand design. For FRP liners, the flue gas maximum operating temperature is g
11、enerally limited to 200F(90C) for 2 hours and for maximum transient temperatures to 400F (204C) for 30 minutes.1. Scope1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the userconcerning available techniques and methods for design, ma-terial selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatoryt
12、esting, quality control and assurance.1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used andimplemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure forthe industry.1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the properdesign of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative toCopyright ASTM In
13、ternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Dueto the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment,each liner must be designed and detailed individually.1.4 Selection of the ne
14、cessary resins and reinforcements,composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods areoffered.1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed,procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed.1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joint preparation, and
15、 alignment are reviewed.1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developedfor the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the proper authority andresponsibility, control of design, material, fabrication anderection, inspection procedures, tolerances, a
16、nd conformity tostandards. The quality-control procedures provide the stepsrequired to implement the quality-assurance program.1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development sub-jects to further support recommendations of this guide.1.9 DisclaimerThe reader is cautioned that independentprofession
17、al judgment must be exercised when data or recom-mendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publicationof the material contained herein is not intended as a represen-tation or warranty on the part ofASTM that this information issuitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infring
18、e-ment of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of thisinformation assumes all liability arising from such use. Thedesign of structures is within the scope of expertise of alicensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed profes-sional for the application of principles to a particular s
19、tructure.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be re-garded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.11 This standar
20、d does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.SectionIntroduction and Backgro
21、undScope and Objective 1Referenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1 2.1ACI Standard 2.2NFPA Standard 2.3ASME Standards 2.4Terminology 3ASTM Standard General Definitions 3.1Applicable Definitions 3.2Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3Symbols 3.4Significance and Use 4Service and Operating
22、 Environments 5Service Conditions 5.1Environmental Severity 5.2Chemical Environment 5.3Erosion/Abrasion Environment 5.4Operating Temperature Environment 5.5Abnormal Environments 5.6Other Operating and Service Environments 5.7Static Electricity Build-Up 5.8Flame Spread 5.9Materials 6Raw Materials 6.1
23、Laminate Composition 6.2Laminate Properties 6.3Design 7Design 7.1Assumptions 7.2Dead Loads 7.3Wind Loads 7.4Earthquake Loads 7.5Thermal Loads 7.6Circumferential Pressure Loads 7.7Load Factors 7.8Resistance Factors 7.9Loading Combinations 7.10Allowable Longitudinal Stresses 7.11Allowable Circumferent
24、ial Stresses 7.12Design Limits 7.13Tolerances 7.14Deflections 7.15Critical Deign Considerations and Details 7.16Fabrication 8Fabrication 8.1Reponsibility of Fabricator 8.2Fabrication Facility 8.3General Construction 8.4Fabrication Equipment 8.5Resin Systems 8.6Reinforcement 8.7Fabrication Procedures
25、 8.8Handling and Transportation 8.9Erection Appurtenances 8.10Tolerances 8.11Erection of FRP Liners 9Erection Scheme and Sequence 9.1Handling and Storage on Site 9.2Erection Appurtenances 9.3Field Joints 9.4Field Joints Lamination Procedure 9.5Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10Quality Assuranc
26、e and Quality Control 10.1Quality-Assurance Program 10.2Quality-Assurance Surveillance 10.3Inspections 10.4Submittals 10.5Operation Maintenance and Start-Up Procedures 11Initial Start-Up 11.1Operation and Maintenance 11.2AnnexTypical Inspection Checklist Annex A1AppendixCommentary Appendix X1Referen
27、ces2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic
28、PipingSystems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D5364 081. DOI:10.1520/D5364-08.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Serv
29、ice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D5364 142the Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC581 Practice
30、 for Determining Chemical Resistance ofThermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedStructures Intended for Liquid ServiceC582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermo-setting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-ResistantEquipmentD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD
31、648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of PlasticsUnder Flexural Load in the Edgewise PositionD695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of RigidPlasticsD790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforcedand Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-alsD883 Terminology Relating
32、 to PlasticsD2393 Test Method for Viscosity of Epoxy Resins andRelated Components (Withdrawn 1992)3D2471 Practice for GelTime and Peak ExothermicTempera-ture of Reacting Thermosetting Resins (Withdrawn 2008)3D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas-tics by Means of a Barcol Impressor
33、D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD3299 Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant TanksD4398 Test Method for Determining the Chemical Resis-tance of Fiberglass-Reinforced Thermosetting Resins byOne-Side Panel ExposureE84 Te
34、st Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding MaterialsE228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of SolidMaterials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard:ACI Standard 307 Specification for the Design and Con-struction of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys4
35、2.3 NFPA Standard:NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity52.4 ASME Standards:Section X Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels6RTP-1 Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion ResistantEquipment63. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Terms used in this guide are from Terminology D883unles
36、s otherwise indicated in 3.2.3.2 The following applicable definitions in this guide areprovided for reference:3.2.1 acceleratora material added to the resin to increasethe rate of polymerization (curing).3.2.2 axialin the direction of the axis (lengthwise center-line) of the equipment.3.2.3 Barcol h
37、ardnessmeasurement of the degree of cureby means of resin hardness. The Barcol impressor is theinstrument used (see Test Method D2583).3.2.4 binderchemical treatment applied to the randomarrangement of glass fibers to give integrity to mats. Specificbinders are utilized to promote chemical compatibi
38、lity withvarious laminating resins used.3.2.5 blisterrefer to Terminology D883.3.2.6 bondingjoining of two or more parts by adhesiveforces.3.2.7 bond strengthforce per unit area (psi) necessary torupture a bond in interlaminar shear.3.2.8 bucklinga mode of failure characterized by an un-stable later
39、al deflection due to compressive action on thestructural element involved.3.2.9 burned areasareas of laminate showing evidence ofdecomposition (for example, discoloration and cracking) dueto excessive resin exotherm.3.2.10 burn out (burn off)thermal decomposition of theorganic materials (resin and b
40、inders) from a laminate specimenin order to determine the weight percent and laminationsequence of the glass reinforcement.3.2.11 carbon veila nonwoven surface veil that is made ofcarbon fiber or is coated with conductive carbon for purposesof providing static dissipation. This could be carbon veil,
41、 orpolyester veil impregnated with carbon.3.2.12 catalystan organic peroxide material used to acti-vate the polymerization of the resin.3.2.13 chopped-strand matreinforcement made from ran-domly oriented glass strands that are held together in a matform by means of a binder.3.2.14 chopper guna machi
42、ne used to cut continuousfiberglass roving to predetermined lengths usually 0.52 in.(1351 mm) and propel the cut strands to the mold surface. Inthe spray-up process, a catalyzed resin is deposited simultane-ously on the mold. When interspersed layers are provided infilament winding, the resin spray
43、is not used.3.2.15 contact moldingprocess for molding reinforcedplastics in which reinforcement and resin are placed on an openmold or mandrel. Cure is without application of pressure;includes both hand-lay-up and spray-up.3.2.16 corrosion barrierthe integral inner barrier of thelaminate which is ma
44、de from resin, veil, and chopped mat.3.2.17 coveragesee winding cycle.3.2.18 crazingthe formation of tiny hairline cracks invarying degrees throughout the resin matrix, particularly inresin-rich areas.3.2.19 cut edgeend of a laminate resulting from cuttingthat is not protected by a corrosion barrier
45、.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.5Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 021
46、69-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.6Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.D5364 1433.2.20 delaminationphysical separation or loss of bondbetween laminate plies.3.2.21 dry spotan area where
47、 the reinforcement fibershave not been sufficiently wetted with resin.3.2.22 edge sealingapplication of reinforcement andresin, or resin alone, to seal cut edges and provide a corrosion-resistant barrier. The final layer should be paraffinated.3.2.23 entrapped-air voidsee void.3.2.24 environmentstat
48、e of the surroundings in contactwith the internal and external surfaces, including thetemperature, pressure, chemical exposure, relative humidity,and presence of liquids or gases.3.2.25 exothermevolution of heat by the resin during thepolymerization reaction.3.2.26 exotherm plythat ply of chopped ma
49、t at which thelamination process is stopped to allow gelation and exothermof the existing laminate.3.2.27 fabricatorthe producer of the equipment who com-bines resin and reinforcing fibers to produce the final product.3.2.28 fatiguethe change in properties of the laminateover time under cycling of loads, including mechanical,temperature, and other environmental exposures.3.2.29 fiber(glass)a fine, continuously formed thread ofglass. E-glass is used for strength and durability, E-CR-glass isa modified E-glass with improved
