1、Designation: D6041 11 An American National StandardStandard Specification forContact-Molded “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedThermosetting Resin) Corrosion Resistant Pipe andFittings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6041; the number immediately following the designation indica
2、tes the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers pipe and fittings
3、fabricated bycontact molding, for pressures to 150 psi and made of acommercial-grade polyester resin. Included are requirementsfor materials, properties, design, construction, dimensions,tolerances, workmanship, and appearance.1.2 This specification does not cover resins other thanpolyester, reinfor
4、cing materials other than glass fibers orfabrication methods other than contact molding.NOTE 1For the purposes of this specification, the term polyester resinwill include both polyester and vinylester resins.1.3 This specification does not cover the design of pipe andfittings intended for use with l
5、iquids heated above their flashpoints.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are providedfor information purposes only.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only toSection 10, the test methods portion, of this specific
6、ation:Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.NOTE 2There is n
7、o known ISO equivalent to this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance ofThermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-ReinforcedStructures Intended for Liquid ServiceC582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermo-setting Plastic (RTP
8、) Laminates for Corrosion-ResistantEquipmentD618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for TestingD638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of PlasticsD883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1599 Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time HydraulicPressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and FittingsD1600 Terminolo
9、gy forAbbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-ticsD2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas-tics by Means of a Barcol ImpressorD2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured ReinforcedResinsD3567 Practice for Determining Dimensions of “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin)
10、Pipe andFittingsD3681 Test Method for Chemical Resistance of “Fiberglass”(GlassFiberReinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe in aDeflected ConditionD5421 Specification for Contact Molded “Fiberglass”(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) FlangesF412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems2.
11、2 ANSI Standards:B16.1 Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings3B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings3B18.22 Type “B” Narrow Washers32.3 National Sanitation Foundation Standard:NSF Standard 61 Drinking Water System ComponentsHealth Effects43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:1This specification is un
12、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on ReinforcedPlastic Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2002
13、as D6041 97(2002),which was withdrawn in January 2011 and reinstated in December 2011. DOI:10.1520/D6041-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stan
14、dards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from NSF International, P.O. Box 130140, 789 N. Dixboro Rd., AnnArbor, MI 48113-0140, http:/www.nsf.org.Copyright A
15、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1 GeneralDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology D883 and Terminology F412 and abbreviations are inaccordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise indi-cated. The abbreviation for r
16、einforced thermosetting resin pipeis RTRP.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contact molding, na process for molding reinforcedplastics in which reinforcement and resin are placed on an openmold or mandrel by either the “hand lay-up”(where resin andglass mat are applied by hand
17、), or the “spray-up” manufactur-ing processes (where resin and chopped glass fibers are sprayedunder pressure), or a combination of the two. The resultinglaminate is then consolidated by rolling and cured without theapplication of pressure.3.2.2 fiberglass pipe, na tubular product containing glassfi
18、ber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by curedthermosetting resin. The composite structure may containgranular or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents, pigments, ordyes. Thermoplastic or thermosetting liners may be included.3.2.3 polyester, nresins produced by the polycondensationof dihydroxy
19、 glycols and dibasic organic acids or anhydrides,wherein at least one component contributes ethylenic unsatu-ration yielding resins that can be compounded with styrolmonomers and reacted to give highly crosslinked thermosetcopolymers.3.2.4 vinyl ester, nresins characterized by reactive unsatu-ration
20、 located predominately in terminal positions that can becompounded with styrol monomers and reacted to give highlycrosslinked thermoset copolymers.4. Materials and ManufactureNOTE 3Specification C582 provides additional information on thematerials and manufacturing of contactmolded laminates.NOTE 4F
21、iberglass pipe intended for use in the transport of potablewater should be evaluated and certified as safe for this purpose by a testingagency acceptable to the local health authority. The evaluation should bein accordance with requirements for chemical extraction, taste, and odorthat are no less re
22、strictive than those included in National SanitationFoundation (NSF) Standard 61. The seal or mark of the laboratory makingthe evaluation should be included on the fiberglass pipe.4.1 Resin System:4.1.1 The resin used shall be a commercial grade, corrosion-resistant polyester that has been determine
23、d to be acceptablefor the service either by test, (see Practice C581), or byprevious documented service. Where service conditions havenot been evaluated a suitable resin may also be selected byagreement between manufacturer and purchaser.4.1.1.1 The use of one resin in the corrosion barrier and adif
24、ferent resin in the structural layer (see Section 6) is permit-ted with the acceptance of the purchaser.4.1.2 Additives, such as additional styrene, fillers, dyes,pigments, or flame retardants may be used when agreed uponbetween the fabricator and purchaser. Thixotropic agents maybe added to the res
25、in for viscosity control.NOTE 5The addition of fillers, dyes, pigments, flame retardants, andthixotropic agents may interfere with visual inspection of laminate quality.NOTE 6Chemical resistance can be affected by the catalyst/promotersystem, diluents, dyes, fillers, flame retardants, or thixotropic
26、 agents usedin the resin.NOTE 7Antimony compounds or other fire-retardant agents may beadded to halogenated resins for improved fire resistance, if agreed uponbetween the manufacturer and the purchaser. These compounds do notimprove the flame retardancy of non-halogenated resins.4.1.3 Ultraviolet Ab
27、sorbers may be added for improvedweather resistance when agreed upon between the manufac-turer and the purchaser.4.1.4 Resin Pastes, used where necessary to fill crevices atjoints prior to applying the joint laminate shall not be subjectto the limitations of 4.1.3. Pastes shall be made with resin an
28、dfillers. The resin used in the paste must be compatible with theresin used in the pipe and fittings.4.2 Fiber Reinforcements:4.2.1 Surfacing Mat (Veil) is a thin mat of fine fibers usedprimarily to produce a smooth and corrosionresistant resin-rich surface on a reinforced plastic laminate.4.2.1.1 V
29、eils are made from chemical resistant (type “C”)glass or organic fiber. The use of an organic-fiber surface matis recommended for environments that attack glass. The veilused in a laminate shall be determined to be acceptable for thechemical service either by Practice C581 or by verified casehistory
30、.4.2.1.2 The veil shall be a minimum of 10 mils in drythickness and produce a thickness of 0.010 to 0.020 in. (0.25 to0.50 mm) when saturated with resin.NOTE 8The primary chemical resistance of the RTR pipe is providedby the resin. In combination with the cured resin, the surfacing veil helpsdetermi
31、ne the thickness of the resin-rich layer, and reduces microcracking.4.2.2 Chopped-strand Reinforcements shall be “E”-type or“ECR”-type glass fibers 1 to 2 in. (25 to 50 mm) long appliedin a uniform layer with random orientation. The fibers shallhave a sizing compatible with the selected resin. Chopp
32、edstrand reinforcements may be purchased and applied as a mator as continuous strand roving which is chopped into shortlengths and sprayed onto the laminate in a process known as“spray up.” Either form is most commonly applied in layersweighing 112 oz/ft2(450 g m2) although other weights areavailabl
33、e and may be used.4.2.3 Woven Roving, shall be “E”-type or “ECR”-type glassroving, woven into a fabric. The sizing on the roving shall becompatible with the resin. The most common woven rovinghasa5by4weave and a weight of 24 oz/yd2(832 g/m2).4.2.4 Non-woven Roving “E type or “ECR” glass reinforc-ing
34、 fabrics such as biaxials and uni-directionals may be used inspecial applications such as reinforcing tees and other fittingsor to improve the physical properties of the laminate in aspecific direction.4.2.5 Multiple Layer Reinforcements are fabrics composedof two or more layers of reinforcement com
35、bined into onefabric. The most common form is one layer of 112 oz/ft2chopped strand mat combined with one layer of 24 oz/yd2woven roving. The pipe manufacturer must use extra caution toensure proper laminate quality is maintained when usingmultiple layer reinforcements.5. Design5.1 Design Basis:D604
36、1 1125.1.1 Class AFor pipe to be manufactured using Type I orType II laminates as described in Specification C582, theUltimate Tensile Stresses shown in Specification C582 may beused for the design basis.5.1.2 Class BFor pipe manufactured with other than TypeI or Type II laminates (in accordance wit
37、h Specification C582),or for Ultimate Tensile Stresses greater than those shown inC582, testing in accordance with 10.5 or 10.6 is required toestablish a design basis for each laminate type used by the pipemanufacturer. Testing shall be performed on a sample laminateor pipe of the same type and cons
38、truction as will be used on theactual pipe and fittings. The thickness of the laminate samplewill be38 in. (9.5 mm) or the maximum thickness to beprovided in the pipe and fittings, whichever is less. If testing inaccordance with 10.6, testing is required in both directions ifthe reinforcement is not
39、 applied equally in both directions. Thelaminate sample shall not include a corrosion barrier. Lami-nates greater than38 in. (9.5 mm) thick are to be constructedwith standard repeating sequences of reinforcement such asthose described in Specification C582. Results from previouslytested laminates ma
40、y be used provided that such laminateswere manufactured with the same resin, laminate type, andthickness within the previous five years.NOTE 9Reinforcements such as 24 oz/yd2(832 g/m2) produced witha 5 by 4 weave are considered equal in both directions for the purpose of5.1.2.5.2 Wall ThicknessThe r
41、equired wall thickness due tointernal pressure shall be determined by the following formula.Other loads such as thermal expansion and bending betweensupports should also be considered. The minimum wall thick-ness shall be the greater of 0.18 in. (4.5 mm) or 1 % of the pipeinside diameter.t 5P*ID!2*S
42、 2 P!where:t = calculated wall thickness, in. (mm) (see 6.1.2.3),P = design pressure, psi (kPa),ID = inside diameter of the pipe, in. (mm),S = allowable stress (not to exceed16 of the design basis),psi (kPa).5.3 Standard pressure classes are 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, and150 psi, however, custom classes
43、are allowed.NOTE 10Special design consideration should be given to pipe andfittings subject to vacuum or superimposed mechanical forces, or both,such as earthquakes, wind load, or burial loads, and to pipe and fittingssubject to service temperature in excess of 180F (82C).6. Laminates6.1 Laminate Co
44、nstructionThe laminate comprising thepipe wall shall consist of a corrosion barrier comprised of aninner surface and interior layer, a structural layer, and an outersurface.6.1.1 The Corrosion Barrier, consisting of the inner surfaceand interior layers, shall be included in the total thickness foral
45、l design calculations unless otherwise specified.6.1.1.1 Inner SurfaceThe inner surface exposed to thechemical environment shall be resin-rich and reinforced with atleast one layer of a suitable surfacing veil in accordance with4.2.1. Some chemical environments may warrant the use of asecond layer o
46、f surfacing veil. This resin-rich inner surface willcontain less than 20 % by weight of reinforcing material andhave a thickness between 0.010 and 0.020 in. (0.25 to 0.50mm)6.1.1.2 Interior LayerThe inner surface layer shall befollowed with a layer composed of resin reinforced only withnoncontinuous
47、 glass-fiber strands. This reinforcement shall beapplied as chopped strand mat or as chopped roving (spray upprocess) (either in accordance with 4.2.2) resulting in aminimum reinforcement weight of 112 oz/ft2(459 g/m2). Thecombined thickness of the inner surface and interior layer shallnot be less t
48、han 0.05 in. Depending on the chemicalenvironment, multiple 112 oz/ft2(459 g/m2) layers of choppedstrand applied as mat or spray up may be required. Two layersare most commonly used with as many as four or five layersoccasionally used in severe environments. When multiplelayers are used, each ply of
49、 mat or pass of chopped roving shallbe well rolled to eliminate all trapped air prior to the applica-tion of additional reinforcement. Glass content of the innersurface and the interior layer combined shall be 27 6 5%byweight, when tested in accordance with 10.4.6.1.2 Structural LayerSubsequent reinforcement shall beType I or Type II or “other” as described below. Types I and IIare described in further detail including laminate sequencesand thicknesses in Specification C582.6.1.2.1 Type I laminates consist of multiple layers of 1.5oz/ft2(0.4
