1、Designation: D6074 15Standard Guide forCharacterizing Hydrocarbon Lubricant Base Oils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6074; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide suggests physical, chemical, and toxicologi-cal test methods for characterizing hydrocarbon lubricant baseoils derived from various
3、refining processes including re-refining used oils and refining crude oil. This guide does notcontain limits nor does it purport to cover all tests which couldbe employed; rather, it represents the first step in betterdescribing important parameters of lubricant base oils affectinglubricant performa
4、nce and safe handling. Tests have beenidentified to characterize the composition and performance ofbase oils in addition to verifying their consistency. Undesirablecomponents have also been identified with a range of typicallevels. These are not limits. It is the responsibility of the buyerand selle
5、r to determine and agree upon the implementation ofthis guide.1.2 This guide applies only to base oils and not to finishedlubricants.1.3 Base oils containing detectable levels of esters, animalfats, vegetable oils, or other materials used as, or blended into,lubricants are not covered by this guide.
6、1.4 This guide is relevant to base oils composed of hydro-carbons and intended for use in formulating products includingautomotive and industrial lubricants. Although not intended tocover all base oil viscosity grades, this guide does cover themajority of viscosities that would be used in both autom
7、otiveand industrial oil formulations. These base oils would typicallyhave a viscosity of approximately 2 mm2/s to 40 mm2/s (cSt) at100 C (50 SUS to 3740 SUS at 100 F).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This
8、 standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents
9、2.1 ASTM Standards:2D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of LubricatingOilsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD130 Test Method for Corrosivenes
10、s to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petro-leum ProductsD287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum andPetroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for LiquidPetroleum ProductsD445 Te
11、st Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by C
12、olor-Indicator TitrationD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1401 Test Method for Water Separability of Petroleum Oilsand Synthetic FluidsD1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color
13、 Scale)D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in RubberExtender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromato-graphic MethodD2161 Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity toSaybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity1This guide is u
14、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.P0 on Recycled Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published May 2015. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2008
15、as D6074 08. DOI:10.1520/D6074-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes secti
16、on appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100CD2501 Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-GravityConstan
17、t (VGC) of Petroleum OilsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD2896 Test Method for Base Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric Pe
18、rchloric Acid TitrationD3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in LightLiquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-lometryD3339 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Semi-Micro Color Indicator TitrationD3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup TesterD
19、4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4059 Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphe-nyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas ChromatographyD4175 Terminology Relating to
20、 Petroleum, PetroleumProducts, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4291 Test Method for Trace Ethylene Glycol in UsedEngine OilD4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and PetroleumProducts by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-trometryD4530
21、 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue(Micro Method)D4628 Test Method for Analysis of Barium, Calcium,Magnesium, and Zinc in Unused Lubricating Oils byAtomic Absorption SpectrometryD4629 Test Method for Trace Nitrogen in Liquid PetroleumHydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet Oxidative Combustion an
22、dChemiluminescence DetectionD4739 Test Method for Base Number Determination byPotentiometric Hydrochloric Acid TitrationD4927 Test Methods for Elemental Analysis of Lubricantand Additive ComponentsBarium, Calcium,Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Zinc by Wavelength-DispersiveX-Ray Fluorescence SpectroscopyD49
23、29 Test Methods for Determination of Organic ChlorideContent in Crude OilD4951 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elementsin Lubricating Oils by Inductively Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission SpectrometryD5185 Test Method for Multielement Determination ofUsed and Unused Lubricating Oils and Base O
24、ils byInductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrom-etry (ICP-AES)D5293 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oilsand Base Stocks Between 10 C and 35 C UsingCold-Cranking SimulatorD5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diese
25、lEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5762 Test Method for Nitrogen in Petroleum and Petro-leum Products by Boat-Inlet ChemiluminescenceD5800 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of LubricatingOils by the Noack MethodD5949 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Pre
26、ssure Pulsing Method)D5950 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Tilt Method)D5984 Test Method for Semi-Quantitative Field TestMethod for Base Number in New and Used Lubricants byColor-Indicator TitrationD5985 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Rotational Method)D6
27、160 Test Method for Determination of PolychlorinatedBiphenyls (PCBs) in Waste Materials by Gas Chromatog-raphyD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationD6375 Test Method for Evaporation Loss of Lubricati
28、ngOils by Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) NoackMethodD6417 Test Method for Estimation of Engine Oil Volatilityby Capillary Gas ChromatographyD6443 Test Method for Determination of Calcium, Chlorine,Copper, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Zinc inUnused Lubricating Oils and Additives by Wavelength
29、Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (Mathemati-cal Correction Procedure)D6481 Test Method for Determination of Phosphorus,Sulfur, Calcium, and Zinc in Lubrication Oils by EnergyDispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectroscopyD6749 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Automatic Air Press
30、ure Method)D6822 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Thermohydrometer MethodD6892 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products(Robotic Tilt Method)D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density ofLiquids by Stabinger
31、 Viscometer (and the Calculation ofKinematic Viscosity)D7094 Test Method for Flash Point by Modified Continu-ously Closed Cup (MCCCFP) TesterD7095 Test Method for Rapid Determination of Corrosive-ness to Copper from Petroleum Products Using a Dispos-able Copper Foil StripD7279 Test Method for Kinema
32、tic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids by Automated Houillon ViscometerD7346 Test Method for No Flow Point and Pour Point ofPetroleum ProductsD7419 Test Method for Determination of Total Aromaticsand Total Saturates in Lube Basestocks by High Perfor-mance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with Re
33、fractiveIndex DetectionD6074 152D7500 Test Method for Determination of Boiling RangeDistribution of Distillates and Lubricating Base OilsinBoiling Range from 100 C to 735 C by Gas Chroma-tographyD7751 Test Method for Determination of Additive Elementsin Lubricating Oils by EDXRF AnalysisD7777 Test M
34、ethod for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Liquid Petroleum by Portable Digital DensityMeterE1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potentialof Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids2.2 Government Standard:EPA 8120 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons by GC/MS, EPA SW-84632.3 Other Standards:
35、IP 346 Determination of Polycyclic Aromatics in UnusedLubricating Base Oils and Asphaltene Free PetroleumFractionsDimethyl Sulphoxide Extraction RefractiveIndex Method4IP 447 Petroleum ProductsDetermination of SulfurContentWavelength-dispersive X-ray FluorescenceSpectrometry4IP 510 Petroleum Product
36、sDetermination of OrganicHalogen ContentOxidative Microcoulometric Method43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of standard terms used in this guide,see Terminology D4175 or ASTM Dictionary of EngineeringScience and Technology.3.1.2 base oil, na base stock or a blend of two or morebase
37、 stocks used to produce finished lubricants, usually incombination with additives.3.1.3 base stock, na hydrocarbon lubricant component,other than an additive, that is produced by a single manufac-turer to the same specifications (independent of feed source ormanufacturers location), and that is iden
38、tified by a uniqueformula number or product identification number, or both.3.1.4 guide, na series of options or instructions that do notrecommend a specific course of action.3.1.4.1 DiscussionWhereas a practice describes a generalusage principle, a guide only suggests an approach. Thepurpose of a gu
39、ide is to offer guidance, based on a consensusof viewpoints, but not to establish a fixed procedure.Aguide isintended to increase the awareness of the user to availabletechniques in a given subject area and to provide informationfrom which subsequent evaluation and standardization can bederived.4. S
40、ignificance and Use4.1 Refinery and re-refinery feedstock and the processes towhich the feed is subject determine the composition of the basestock produced. Once produced, other potential sources ofvariation include storage, transportation and blending. It fol-lows that lubricating base oils will be
41、 of variable chemical3U.S. EPA, “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical,”SW-846. Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.4Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products,Available from Energy Ins
42、titute, London, 61 New Cavendish St., W1G 7AR, U.K.,England.http:/www.energyinst.org.TABLE 1 Suggested Physical and Compositional Property TestMethods for Lubricant Base OilsA,BProperty Test MethodPhysical propertiesAppearanceCColor D1500Density at 15 C, kg m3D287, D1298, D4052, D6822,D7777Flash poi
43、nt, C D92, D93, D3828, D7094Kinematic viscosity at 40 C and100 C, mm2/s (cSt)D445, D7042, D7279Apparent viscosity between 5 C and 35 C D5293Viscosity-gravity constant D2501Pour point, C D97, D5949, D5950, D5985,D6749, D6892, D7346Viscosity index D2270Volatility at 371 C, percent off D2887, D6417, D7
44、500Percent Evaporation loss D5800, D6375Water separability (demulsibility),30 min, mLD1401Compositional propertiesCarbon residue, percent mass D189, D524, D4530Nitrogen, mg/kg D4629, D5762Precipitation number D91Saturates, mass percent D2007, D7419Sulfur, mass percent D2622, D3120, D4294, D5453,IP 4
45、47ASpecific application issues such as selection of tests, frequency of testing, andtest levels are to be negotiated between the base oil buyer and the seller.BSee Appendix X2 for a discussion of each property.CRefer to X2.1.1 for a discussion of this property.D6074 153composition. For this reason,
46、characterization criteria forhydrocarbon lubricant base oils are frequently chosen fromproperties such as those listed in Table 1 and/or Table 2.Ifspecification limits are established, they are usually related tothe intended use of the base oil.4.2 The consistent performance of hydrocarbon lubricant
47、base oils is a critical factor in a wide variety of applicationssuch as engine oils, industrial lubricants, and metalworkingfluids. In addition, in many of these applications humans areexposed to the base oils as a component of a formulatedproduct such that health or safety considerations may need t
48、obe addressed. This guide suggests a compilation of propertiesand potential contaminants that are understood by thoseknowledgeable in the manufacture and use of hydrocarbonlubricants to be significant in some or all applications. Adiscussion of each of the suggested properties and potentialcontamina
49、nts is provided in Appendix X2, with each listedalphabetically within four categories.4.3 The test methods, base oil properties, and potentialcontaminants suggested are those that would likely be useful inmany common situations, although it is recognized that thereare specific applications and situations that could have differentrequirements. Performance testing related to a specific appli-cation may serve as the basis for acceptability.4.4 Issues such as frequency of testing and the specifics ofhow the test results are to be applied are not addre
