1、Designation: D7547 17a An American National StandardStandard Specification forHydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications forpurchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is int
3、endedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 Unleaded aviation gasoline defined by this specificationis for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specificallyapproved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers. This fuel isnot considered suitable for use in other engines and associateda
4、ircraft that are certified to use only leaded aviation gasolinesof the same octane grade.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at thetime and place of delivery.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard
5、. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
6、mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendatio
7、ns issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Coppe
8、r Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products(Reid Method)D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels(Potential Residue Method)D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-IgnitionAviation GasolineD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1298
9、Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Me
10、thods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Distillate FuelsD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline byAtomicAbsorp-tion SpectroscopyD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4052 Test Metho
11、d for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviat
12、ion Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Stati
13、c Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopy1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels,
14、 and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation EngineFuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D7547 17. DOI:10.1520/D7547-17A.2For r
15、eferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCo
16、pyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Interna
17、tional Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsE29 Practice for Using Significant
18、 Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 unleaded aviation gasoline, ngasoline possessingspecific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered byreciprocating spark ignition engines, where lead is not inten-tionally added for the purpose
19、 of enhancing octane perfor-mance.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatilitylimits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine forwhich it is intended, and suitability for low temperatureperformance.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 ULunleaded.4. Classification4.1 Two grades of unlead
20、ed aviation gasoline are provided,known as: Grades UL91 and UL94.3NOTE 1Grades UL91 and UL94 are based on their octane number asmeasured by Test Method D2700 motor method.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise speci-fied in this specification, shall consist o
21、f blends of refinedhydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline,or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatichydrocarbons, or both.5.2 AdditivesThese may be added to each grade of un-leaded aviation gasoline in the amount and of the compositionspecified in the following
22、list of approved materials. Thequantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer.Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also bedeclared.5.2.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitors maybe added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to
23、exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not includingweight of solvent) per litre of fuel.5.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.5.2.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.5.2.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 %maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary buty
24、lphenols.5.2.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenolplus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butyl-phenols.5.2.1.7 N,N-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.1.8 N,N-di-second
25、ary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of the fol-lowing may be used:5.2.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordancewith the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). Maybe used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manu-facturer when req
26、uired by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 2Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) can reduce knock ratingsbelow minimum specification values (see X1.2.3).45.2.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (TypeIII) may be used in concentrations
27、of 0.10 % volume to 0.15 %volume when required by the aircraft owner/operator.5.2.2.3 Test Method D5006 may be used to determine theconcentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4505in con-centrations up to 3 mg L is permitted. When loss of fuelconductivity
28、necessitates retreatment with electrical conductiv-ity additive, further addition is permissible up to a maximumcumulative level of 5 mg L of Stadis 450.55.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corro-sion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrationsnot to exceed the maximum allo
29、wable concentration (MAC)listed for each additive.DCI-4A MAC=24g/m3DCI-6A MAC=15g/m3HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m36. Detailed Requirements6.1 The unl
30、eaded aviation gasoline shall conform to therequirements prescribed in Table 1.6.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be lessthan the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowanceshall be made for the precision of the test methods. Todetermine the conformance to the specification requi
31、rement, atest result may be rounded to the same number of significantfigures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multipledeterminations are made, the average result, rounded accordingto Practice E29, shall be used.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline specified
32、 in this speci-fication shall be free from undissolved water, sediment, andsuspended matter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseatingor irritating. No substances of known dangerous toxicity underusual conditions of handling and use shall be present.3Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Intern
33、ational Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1859. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1526.5Stadis is a registered trademark markete
34、d by Innospec, Inc., Innospec Manu-facturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.D7547 17a28. Sampling8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-dures in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.8.1.1 Although
35、 automatic sampling following PracticeD4177 may be useful in certain situations, initial refineryspecification compliance testing shall be performed on asample taken following procedures in Practice D4057.TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Unleaded Aviation GasolinesAGradeUL91GradeUL94ASTM Test Metho
36、dBPropertyCOMBUSTIONNet heat of combustion, MJ/kgDmin 43.5 43.5 D4529 or D3338Octane RatingCKnock value, Motor Octane NumberEmin 91.0 94.0 D2700COMPOSITIONSulfur, mass percent max 0.05 0.05 D2622Tetraethyl lead, g Pb/L max 0.0130 0.0130 D3237 or D5059Requirements for All GradesVOLATILITYVapor pressu
37、re, 38 C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5191FDensity at 15 C, kg/m3Report D1298 or D4052Distillation, C D86Initial boiling point ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume percent at C max 7540 volume percent at C min 7550 volume percent at C max 10590 volume percent at C max 135Final boiling point max 170Sumof10%
38、+50%evaporated tem-peraturesmin 135Recovery volume percent min 97Residue volume percent max 1.5Loss volume percent max 1.5FLUIDITYFreezing point, C max 58GD2386CORROSIONCopper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130CONTAMINANTSOxidation stability, mg/100 mL(5 h aging)HD873Potential gum max 6Lead precipit
39、ate max 3Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 2OTHERElectrical conductivity, pS/m max 450ID2624AFor compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.BThe test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.CIf mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and
40、supplier, a minimum 98 octane requirement as per Test Method D909 may be specified.DFor all grades use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,Test Method D4809 shall be used.EKnock ratings shall be
41、 reported to the nearest 0.1 octane/performance number.FTest Method D5191 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.GIf no crystals have appeared on cooling to 58 C, the freezing point may be reported as less than 58 C.HIf mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gu
42、m requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case thegum content shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL and the visible lead precipitate shall not exceed 4 mg/100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24mg/L.IApplies only when an electrical conductivity ad
43、ditive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containing conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall applyunder the condition at point of use:Minimum 50 pS/mMaximum 450 pS/m.The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.D7547 17a38.2 A number of unleaded aviation gasolin
44、e properties,including copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, and othersare very sensitive to trace contamination which can originatefrom sample containers. For recommended sample containers,refer to Practice D4306.9. Report9.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformancewith the require
45、ments of this specification shall be mutuallyagreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the unleadedaviation gasoline.10. Test Methods10.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shallbe determined in accordance with the following ASTM testmethods:10.1.1 Knock Value (MON)Test Method D2
46、700.10.1.2 DensityTest Methods D1298 or D4052.10.1.3 DistillationTest Method D86.10.1.4 Vapor PressureTest Methods D323 or D5191.10.1.5 Freezing PointTest Method D2386.10.1.6 SulfurTest Method D2622.10.1.7 Net Heat of CombustionTest Methods D4529,D3338,orD4809.10.1.8 Corrosion (Copper Strip)Test Met
47、hod D130,2htest at 100 C in bomb.10.1.9 Potential GumTest Method D873 except that wher-ever the letter X occurs (referring to oxidation time) insert thenumber 5, designating the number of hours prescribed in thisspecification.10.1.10 Water ReactionTest Method D1094.10.1.11 Electrical ConductivityTes
48、t Method D2624.10.1.12 Lead ContentTest Method D3237 and D5059.11. Keywords11.1 Avgas; aviation gasoline; gasoline; unleaded Avgas;unleaded aviation gasolineAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINEX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 Unleaded aviation gasoli
49、ne is a complex mixture ofrelatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary widely in theirphysical and chemical properties. The engines and aircraftimpose a variety of mechanical, physical, and chemical envi-ronments. The properties of unleaded aviation gasoline (TableX1.1) shall be properly balanced to give satisfactory engineperformance over an extremely wide range of conditions.X1.1.2 The ASTM requirements summarized in Table 1 arequality limits established on the basis of the broad experienceand close cooperation of producers of unleaded a
