1、Designation: D828 16Standard Test Method forTensile Properties of Paper and Paperboard UsingConstant-Rate-of-Elongation Apparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test metho
3、d covers procedures for determiningtensile properties of paper and paperboard.1.2 The procedures given in this test method are for use withconstant-rate-of-elongation tensile testing equipment and assuch, are able to be used with instruments designed for eithervertical or horizontal operation, and w
4、hether manually oper-ated or computer controlled.1.3 These procedures are applicable for all types of paper,paperboard, paper products, and related materials within themeasurement limitations of the equipment used. They are notfor use with combined corrugated board.1.4 Properties able to be determin
5、ed using this test methodinclude tensile strength, stretch, tensile energy absorption,tensile stiffness, breaking length, and tensile index.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 This standard does no
6、t purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standard
7、s:D585 Practice for Sampling and Accepting a Single Lot ofPaper, Paperboard, Fiberboard, and Related Product(Withdrawn 2010)2D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Productsfor TestingD987 Test Method for Test for Stretch of Paper and PaperProducts Under Tension (Withdrawn 1968)2E122 Practice
8、 for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or Process3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology D1968 or the Dictionary ofPaper3.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stand
9、ard:3.2.1 line contact grips, ngrips or jaws on a tensile testingmachine having a clamping zone for gripping the specimencomprised of a cylindrical and a flat surface or two cylindricalsurfaces whose axes are parallel3.2.2 paper, nplanar structures deposited from an aqueoussuspension that has a thic
10、kness less than 1 mm containingorganic material, nonorganic material, or a combination of thetwo.4. Significance and Use4.1 The tensile properties measured in this test method arefundamental properties associated with the manufacture, or enduse, or both, of paper and paper products. It is possible f
11、or thevarity of products to be influenced by, or indicative of: the typefibers used or the treatment of the fibers, or both, in a particularpaper: or of specific manufacturing procedures used in produc-ing a specific paper or paper product. Likewise, it is possiblefor paper converting operations to
12、significantly impact proper-ties measured using this test method, and this test method is apossible tool to measure and understand such effects.4.2 Tensile strength is indicative of the serviceability ofmany papers, such as wrapping, bag, gummed tape, and cablewrapping, that are subjected to direct
13、tensile stress. The tensilestrength of printing papers is indicative of the potentialresistance to web breaking during printing and other convertingoperations and during travel of the web from the roll throughthe equipment.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 onElectrica
14、l and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D09.01 on Electrical Insulating Products.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D828 97 (2002)which was withdrawn Septe
15、mber 2009 and reinstated in November 2016. DOI:10.1520/D0828-16.2The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.3Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, POBox 105113, Atlanta, GA 30348.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
16、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 Stretch, and sometimes tensile stiffness are indicative ofthe ability of the paper to conform to a desired contour. Theseare important properties of creped papers, towels, napkins,decorative papers, industrially used paper tapes
17、 (both crepedand pleated), bags, and liners for cans, barrels, and cartons.5. Apparatus5.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the constant-rate-of elonga-tion type conforming to the following criteria:5.1.1 Two line contact grips or jaws for gripping the testspecimens, with the line of contact perpendicula
18、r to thedirection of the applied load, and with means for controllingand adjusting the clamping pressure.NOTE 1There is the possibility that are certain grades of paper thatwill be damaged by line contact grips. In these cases, as agreed uponbetween the users of this test method, it is allowable for
19、 other grips to besubstituted, and that fact stated in the report.5.1.1.1 The clamping surfaces of the two grips must be inthe same plane and so aligned that they hold the test specimenin that plane throughout the test.5.1.2 The distance between the line contact gripping zonesof the grips at the beg
20、inning of a test must be adjustable andresettable to 60.5 mm (60.02 in.) for the specified initial testspan (see 8.1 and 10.3.2 ).5.1.3 The rate of separation of the two grips must be 25.4 65.0 mm min (1.0 6 0.2 in. min) or as otherwise noted (see10.3.4), and once set, must be resettable and constan
21、t at therequired rate to 64 % of the specified value.5.1.4 The tensile testing machine must be equipped with aload measuring device and a recorder or other suitable indica-tor of the measured load at points of interest during the test, anexample of which might be a micro processor and digitalreadout
22、 device or cathode ray tube screen, capable of readingthe measured loading force accurately to 0.25 % of the fullrange of the load measuring device. The load measuringcircuitry must be capable of accurate calibration, and mustmaintain that calibration accuracy to 60.5 % of the full-scalevalue.5.1.5
23、The tensile testing machine must be equipped with anelongation measuring device and a recorder or other suitableindicator of the measured elongation at points of interest, anexample of which might be a microprocessor and digitalreadout device or cathode ray tube screen, capable of accuratecalibratio
24、n and of indicating the elongation values to a read-ability and accuracy of 60.05 % stretch (that is 60.09-mmelongation for an original specimen test span of 180 mm).5.1.6 The tensile testing machine must be capable of pro-viding the measurement data required for making the calcula-tions specified i
25、n Section 11, whether by presentation of data inthe form of a recorder trace of the tensile force-elongationbehavior of the material being tested such that data required bythe user is able to be readily determined from the recordertrace, or whether by storage of required data points in a formusable
26、and retrievable by the user for calculations as specifiedin Section 11, or whether by including calculation algorithmssuitable for direct display of the calculations specified inSection 11. Where calculation algorithms are included, it is theresponsibility of the manufacturer of the instrument to cl
27、earlydocument the calculation basis for the values that are reported,and that they do or do not comply with the calculationsspecified in Section 11. The user of the instrument must, inturn, determine that reported values are suitable for anyparticular information need. Numerous other calculations ar
28、epossible, based on the tensile strength-elongation of a material,and are permissible to be included in an instrument used formaking the measurements described in this test method, asagreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser of theinstrument.5.2 Alignment Jig, to facilitate centering an
29、d aligning thespecimen in the instrument grips, so that the clamping lines ofcontact are perpendicular to the direction of the applied forceand the center line (long dimension) of the specimen coincideswith the direction of the applied force. Use optional, as agreedupon between the users of this tes
30、t method. Such a device isdescribed in TAPPI Journal (1)45.3 Planimeter or Integrator, to measure the area beneaththe load-elongation curve or to compute directly the work torupture. The specific characteristics of the testing machine usedwill dictate the need for this device. Most modern electronic
31、tensile testing machines include the necessary calculationcapabilities in the software resident in the instrument. See5.1.6.5.4 Specimen Cutter, a device capable of cutting specimensfor testing that are uniform in width to within at least 60.5 mm(60.02 in.) or less of the specified specimen width, a
32、nd withedges parallel to within 0.1 mm (0.004 in.). The double-bladestrip cutter of the JDC-type is quite satisfactory for thisrequirement. Cutting dies, that comply with or exceed thetolerances stated herein, are an acceptable alternative theguillotine style cutter mentioned above. Single-blade “pa
33、percutters” do not comply with the requirements for a specimencutter for purposes of this test method.5.5 Magnifier and Scale or Similar Optical Comparator, foruse in measuring specimen widths and determining that speci-mens comply with 5.4. It is important to understand that therequirements of 5.4
34、apply to the test specimen, not to thespecimen cutter. The tolerances to which the cutter or cuttingdie itself must be designed are those that produce test speci-mens of the stated tolerance.NOTE 2Automated tensile testing instruments providing automatedsample handling, laboratory management, or dat
35、a acquisition, or any ofthese in combination, are available. These instruments provide featuresnot limited to calibration, calibration check, automation of testingsequence, storing of testing programs including rate of grip separation ordistance of grip separation, or both, cutting of test strips, a
36、cquiring of testdata, and accurately determining tensile breaking properties includingthose listed in Section 11. This test me is acceptable to be used with anysuch equipment, provided the equipment complies with the requirementsof Section 5.6. Sampling6.1 Acceptance SamplingAcceptance sampling shal
37、l bedone in accordance with Practice D585.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D828 1626.2 Sampling for Other PurposesThe sampling and thenumber of test specimens depend on the purpose of the testing.Practice E122 is recommended.7. Test Spec
38、imens7.1 The standard dimension for test specimens required forperforming this test method is 25.4 6 0.5 mm (1.00 6 0.02 in)wide and of such length, usually about 254 mm (10.0 in.) toallow sufficient specimen for clamping in the instrument gripswhen the standard distance between the grip clamping zo
39、nes is180 6 5 mm (7.1 6 0.2 in.). A common width dimension,found in many ISO Standards and used for some specificgrades of paper based on specification or agreement betweenthe buyer and the seller, is 15.0 mm (0.591 in.). (Note that theinformation in A1.2.2, Effect of Test Specimen Width, contra-dic
40、ts this variability statement.)7.1.1 Specifications requiring specimen widths other thanthose in 7.1 may be encountered. Specimen width used mustalways be included in the report when it deviates from 7.1. Theimpact of specimen width is addressed in Annex A1.7.2 From each conditioned test unit of the
41、 sample, cut tentest specimens in each of the two principle directions of thepaper having the dimension stated in 7.1 using a specimencutter complying with 5.4.7.3 Ensure that the specimen strips chosen for testing arefree from abnormalities such as creases, holes, wrinkles, orother features not typ
42、ical of the paper itself that will possiblyimpact tensile strength values.7.4 In cases where it is not possible to obtain specimenscomplying with 7.1 with regard to specimen length, or 7.3 withregard to freedom from abnormalities, a smaller initial distancebetween the two instrument grips is permiss
43、ible, with accom-panying requirements for shorter test specimens and as agreedupon between the buyer and the seller, or required in relevantspecifications. In addition, a change in rate of grip separation ispossible. In such cases the deviation from this test method mustbe reported. Further informat
44、ion on these points may be foundin Annex A1.7.5 In some cases, as agreed upon between the buyer and theseller, or required in relevant specifications, it is permissible toperform testing on test specimens of lesser or greater widththan that specified in 7.1. In such cases, the deviation from thistes
45、t method must be reported. Further information on this pointis available in Annex A1.8. Calibration8.1 Because of the large number of tensile testing machinesavailable that conform to the requirements of 5.1, specificcalibration procedures for individual instruments is beyond thescope of this test m
46、ethod, and must be obtained from themanufacturer of the equipment. The following are generalconsiderations that must be included, along with other consid-erations unique to specific instruments, as part of calibrationprocedures for use with this test method.8.1.1 Regularly inspect the machine for cl
47、eanliness and forfaults such as wear, misalignment, loose parts, or damage.Clean, grease, or otherwise service the machine at regularintervals, as recommended by the manufacturer or determinedby the user of a particular machine. Make all necessary repairswhen faults are found.8.1.2 Level the machine
48、 accurately in the two principledirections using a carpenters level or similar device.8.1.3 Align the clamping grips that hold the specimen in theplane of the applied load, as required in 5.1.1.8.1.4 Position the specimen grips as required in 5.1.2,orasagreed upon between the buyer and the seller in
49、 7.4.8.1.5 Determine and adjust the clamping pressure on thespecimen grips so that neither slippage or specimen damageoccurs. Papers prepared from more highly hydrated or beatenfibers, such as tracing paper or glassine, present the mostdifficult gripping problems. For use with the widest possiblerange of papers, adjustment of grip pressure by making tests onstrong tracing paper is generally satisfactory. Excessive pres-sure at the grip is evidenced by straight-line breaks in, andimmediately adjacent to the clamping zone. Insufficient pres-sure is evidenced by an abrupt disco
