1、Designation: D910 17a An American National StandardStandard Specification forLeaded Aviation Gasolines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D910; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulating spe
3、cifications forpurchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intendedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviationgasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolinessatisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equip-ment
4、or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require anarrower, range of characteristics than is shown by thisspecification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4 This international standard was developed in acco
5、r-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AST
6、M Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure
7、of Petroleum Products(Reid Method)D357 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of MotorFuels Below 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn 1969)3D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD614 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of AviationFuels by
8、 the Aviation Method; Replaced by D 2700(Withdrawn 1970)3D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels(Potential Residue Method)D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-IgnitionAviation GasolineD1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1266 Test Method for Sulfur in
9、 Petroleum Products (LampMethod)D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1948 Method of Test for Knock Characteristics of MotorFuels Above 100 Octane Number by the Motor Method;Replaced by D 2700 (Withdrawn
10、1968)3D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2392 Test Method for Color of Dyed Aviation GasolinesD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products byWavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviationand Distillate FuelsD2
11、700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Mono-chloride MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and APIGravity of Liquids by Digital Den
12、sity MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid
13、Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation EngineFuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1947 (replacing former D615). Last previous edition approved in 2017as D910 17.
14、 DOI: 10.1520/D0910-17A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this hi
15、storical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationall
16、y recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTes
17、ts Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-tion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of LiquidHydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (PrecisionMethod)D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel
18、SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System IcingInhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-troscopyD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hyd
19、rocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and FuelSystemsE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 av
20、iation gasoline, ngasoline possessing specificproperties suitable for fueling aircraft powered by reciprocat-ing spark ignition engines.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volatilitylimits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine forwhich it is intended, and suitability for l
21、ow temperatureperformance.3.2 Abbreviations:3.2.1 LLlow lead3.2.2 VLLvery low lead4. General4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribesthe required properties of aviation gasoline at the time andplace of delivery.5. Classification5.1 Four grades of leaded aviation gasoline are prov
22、ided,known as:Grade 91Grade 100Grade 100LLGrade 100VLLNOTE 1The above grade names are based on their octane/performancenumbers as measured by the now obsolete Test Method D614 (Discon-tinued 1970). A table for converting octane/performance numbers ob-tained by Test Method D2700 motor method into avi
23、ation ratings was lastpublished in Specification D91094 in the 1995 Annual Book of ASTMStandards, Vol 05.01.5.2 Grades 100, 100LL, and 100VLL represent aviationgasolines identical in minimum antiknock quality but differingin maximum lead content and color. The color identifies thedifference for engi
24、nes that have a low tolerance to lead.NOTE 2Listing of, and requirements for, Avgas Grades 91/98,108/135, and 115/145 appeared in the 1967 version of this specification.U.S. Military Specification MIL-G-5572F, dated January 24, 1978 (with-drawn March 22, 1988), also covers grade 115/145 aviation gas
25、oline, andis available as a research report.4Listing of, and requirements for, AvgasGrade 80 appeared in the 2016 version of this specification.5.3 Although the grade designations show only a singleoctane rating for each grade, they shall meet a minimum leanmixture motor rating and a minimum rich mi
26、xture superchargerating (see X1.2.2).6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in thisspecification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocarbonsderived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline, or blends,thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatichydroca
27、rbons, or both.6.2 AdditivesMandatory, shall be added to each grade ofaviation gasoline in the amount and of the compositionspecified in the following list of approved materials.6.2.1 Tetraethyl Lead, shall be added in the form of anantiknock mixture containing not less than 61 mass percent oftetrae
28、thyl lead and sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide twobromine atoms per atom of lead. The balance shall contain noadded ingredients other than kerosine, an approved oxidationinhibitor, and blue dye, as specified herein. The maximumconcentration limit for each grade of gasoline is specified inTab
29、le 1.6.2.1.1 If mutually agreed upon by the fuel producer andadditive vendor, tetraethyl lead antiknock mixture may bediluted with 20 mass percent of a mixed aromatic solventhaving a minimum flash point of 60 C according to TestMethods D93 when the product is to be handled in coldclimates. The TEL c
30、ontent of the dilute product is reduced to49 mass percent, so that the amount of antiknock additive mustbe adjusted to achieve the necessary lead level. The diluteproduct still delivers two bromine atoms per atom of lead.6.2.2 DyesThe maximum concentration limits in eachgrade of gasoline are specifi
31、ed in Table 1.6.2.2.1 The only blue dye that shall be present in thefinished gasoline shall be essentially 1,4-dialkylaminoanthraquinone.6.2.2.2 The only yellow dyes that shall be present in thefinished gasoline shall be essentiallyp-diethylaminoazobenzene (Color Index No. 11021) or 1,3-benzenediol
32、2,4-bis (alkylphenyl)azo-.6.2.2.3 The only red dye that shall be present in the finishedgasoline shall be essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.6.3 AdditivesThese may be added to each grade of avia-tion gasoline in the amount and of the composition specified inthe following li
33、st of approved materials.5The quantities and4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1255.5Supporting data (guidelines for the approval or disapproval of additives) havebeen filed at ASTM International Headquarters an
34、d may be obtained by requestingResearch Report RR:D02-1125.D910 17a2TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Leaded Aviation GasolinesAGrade91Grade100VLLGrade100LLGrade100ASTM TestMethodBPropertyCOMBUSTIONNet heat of combustion, MJ/kgCmin 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 D4529 or D3338Octane RatingKnock value, lean mix
35、tureDMotor Octane Number min 90.8 99.6 99.6 99.6 D2700Aviation Lean Rating min 91.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 D2700Knock value, rich mixtureOctane number min 98 D909Performance numberE,Fmin 130.0 130.0 130.0 D909COMPOSITIONSulfur, mass percent max 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 D1266 , D2622,orD5453Tetraethyl leadGTEL
36、, mL/L min 0.27 0.27 0.27 D3341 or D5059max 0.53 0.43 0.53 1.06Pb, g/L min 0.28 0.28 0.28max 0.56 0.45 0.56 1.12Color brown blue blue green D2392Dye contentH, mg/LBlue dye max 3.1 2.7 2.7 2.7Yellow dye max none none none 2.8Red dye max 2.7 none none noneOrange dye max 6.0 none none noneRequirements
37、for All GradesVOLATILITYVapor pressure, 38 C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5191IDensity at 15 C, kg/m3Report D1298 or D4052Distillation, C D86Initial boiling point ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume percent at C max 7540 volume percent at C min 7550 volume percent at C max 10590 volume percent at C max 13
38、5Final boiling point max 170Sumof10%+50%evaporatedtemperaturesmin 135Recovery volume percent min 97Residue volume percent max 1.5Loss volume percent max 1.5FLUIDITYFreezing point, C max 58JD2386CORROSIONCopper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130CONTAMINANTSOxidation stability, mg/100 mL(5 h aging)K,L
39、D873Potential gum max 6Lead precipitate max 3Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 2OTHERElectrical conductivity, pS/m max 450MD2624AFor compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 7.2.BThe test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 11.CFor all grades
40、 use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute,Test Method D4809 shall be used.DBoth Motor Octane Number (MON) and Aviation Lean Mixture values shall be reported.EA performance number of 130.0 is equi
41、valent to a knock value determined using iso-octane plus 0.34 mL TEL/L.FKnock ratings shall be reported to the nearest 0.1 octane/performance number.GHistorically, market survey and test engine data have indicated that for ASTM D910 leaded aviation gasolines, tetraethyl lead concentration typically
42、must exceed 0.28 glead per litre (0.265 mL tetraethyl lead per litre) for Grades 100, 100LL, and 100VLL. Fuels containing substantially less lead may not satisfy the octane requirements ofreciprocating spark ignition aviation engines while meeting the lean and rich mixture limits specified in Table
43、1.HThe maximum dye concentrations shown do not include solvent in dyes supplied in liquid form.ITest Method D5191 shall be the referee vapor pressure method.JIf no crystals have appeared on cooling to 58 C, the freezing point may be reported as less than 58 C.KIf mutually agreed upon between the pur
44、chaser and the supplier, a 16 h aging gum requirement may be specified instead of the 5 h aging gum test; in such case thegum content shall not exceed 10 mg/100 mL and the visible lead precipitate shall not exceed 4 mg/100 mL. In such fuel the permissible antioxidant shall not exceed 24mg/L.LTest Me
45、thod D381 existent gum test can provide a means of detecting quality deterioration or contamination, or both, with heavier products following distribution fromrefinery to airport. Refer to X1.7.1.MApplies only when an electrical conductivity additive is used; when a customer specifies fuel containin
46、g conductivity additive, the following conductivity limits shall applyunder the condition at point of use: Minimum 50 pS/m; Maximum 450 pS/m. The supplier shall report the amount of additive added.D910 17a3types shall be declared by the manufacturer. Additives addedafter the point of manufacture sha
47、ll also be declared.6.3.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitors maybe added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not includingweight of solvent) per litre of fuel.6.3.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.6.3.1.2 2,4-dimeth
48、yl-6-tertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.6.3.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 %maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.6.3.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dim
49、ethyl-6-tertiary butylphenolplus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butyl-phenols.6.3.1.7 N,N-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.1.8 N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.6.3.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)One of the fol-lowing may be used.6.3.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordancewith the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). Maybe used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manu-facturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.NOTE 3Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce kn
