1、Designation: E1474 14 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forDetermining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furnitureand Mattress Components or Composites Using a BenchScale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1474; the number immediate
2、ly following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis test
3、 method provides a means for measuring the ignition time and heat release of the compositeupholstered components of upholstered furniture and mattresses using an oxygen consumptioncalorimeter.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used todetermine the ignitability and heat release fr
4、om the compositesof contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholsteredfurniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consump-tion calorimeter.1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the timeto sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heatrelease, and effective heat
5、of combustion at a constant initialtest heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable toobtain heat release data at different heating fluxes. The speci-men is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source isused.1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effec-tive heat of
6、 combustion are determined using the apparatus andprocedures described in Test Method E1354.1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimenscombining the furniture or mattress outer layer components.Frame elements are not included.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestanda
7、rd. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment
8、of the materials, products, or assemblies underactual fire conditions.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the
9、 applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautionary statements, see Section 6.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology
10、 Relating to TextilesD5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal andCokeE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smo
11、ke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption Calorimeter2.2 Other Documents:CA TB 133, Flammability Test Procedure for Seating Fur-niture for Use in Public Occupancies31This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct resp
12、onsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E1474 - 10. DOI:10.1520/E1474-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, o
13、rcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from State of California, Dept. of Home Furnishings and ThermalInsulation, North Highlands, CA 95660-5595.Copyright ASTM
14、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1ISO 5725 Part 2, Accuracy (Trueness and Precision) ofMeasurement Methods and ResultsBasic Method forthe Determination of Repeatability and Reproducibility ofa Standard Measurement Method43. Terminology
15、3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms relating to this test methodrefer to Terminology D123 and E176.3.1.2 effective heat of combustion, nthe amount of heatgenerated per unit mass lost by a material, product, orassembly, when exposed to specific fire test conditions. (seegross heat of combu
16、stion.)3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe effective heat of combustion de-pends on the test method and is determined by dividing themeasured heat release by the mass loss during a specifiedperiod of time under the specified test conditions.Typically, thespecified fire test conditions are provided by the specific
17、ationsof the fire test standard that cites effective heat of combustionas a quantity to be measured. For certain fire test conditions,involving very high heat and high oxygen concentrations underhigh pressure, the effective heat of combustion will approxi-mate the gross heat of combustion. More ofte
18、n, the fire testconditions will represent or approximate certain real fireexposure conditions, and the effective heat of combustion is theappropriate measure. Typical units are kJ/g or MJ/kg.3.1.3 gross heat of combustion, nthe maximum amount ofheat per unit mass that theoretically can be released b
19、y thecombustion of a material, product, or assembly; it can bedetermined experimentally only under conditions of highpressure and in pure oxygen (contrast effective heat of com-bustion).3.1.4 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area,per unit time (see also initial test heat flux).3.1.4.1
20、 DiscussionThe heat flux from an energy source,such as a radiant heater, can be measured at the initiation of atest (such as Test Method E1354 or Test Method E906) andthen reported as the incident heat flux, with the understandingthat the burning of the test specimen can generate additionalheat flux
21、 to the specimen surface. The heat flux can also bemeasured at any time during a fire test, for example asdescribed in Guide E603, on any surface, and with measure-ment devices responding to radiative and convective fluxes.Typical units are kW/m2, kJ/(s m2), W/cm2, or BTU/(s ft2).3.1.5 initial test
22、heat flux, nthe heat flux set on the testapparatus at the initiation of the test (see also heat flux).3.1.5.1 DiscussionThe initial test heat flux is the heat fluxvalue commonly used when describing or setting test condi-tions.3.1.6 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression ofthe relationship be
23、tween the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from thespecimen, expressed per unit area of exposed specimen areaper unit of time.3.2.2 ignitability, nthe propensity for ignition,
24、as mea-sured by the time to sustained flaming at a specified heatingflux.3.2.3 mattress, na mattress is a ticking (outermost layer offabric or related material) filled with a resilient material, usedalone or in combination with other products, intended orpromoted for sleeping upon.3.2.4 net heat of
25、combustion, nthe oxygen bomb (see TestMethod D5865) value for the heat of combustion, corrected forthe gaseous state of product water.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe net heat of combustion differsfrom the gross heat of combustion in that the former assessesthe heat per unit mass generated from a combustion pr
26、ocessthat ends with water in the gaseous state while the latter endswith water in the liquid state.3.2.5 orientation, nthe plane on which the exposed face ofthe specimen is located during testing, which is horizontalfacing up for this test.3.2.6 sustained flaming, nthe existence of flame on orover t
27、he surface of the specimen for a period of4sormore.3.2.7 upholstered, adjcovered with material (as fabric orpadding) to provide a soft surface.3.2.8 upholstery material, nthe padding, stuffing, or fillingmaterial used in a furniture item, which may be either loose orattached, enclosed by an upholste
28、ry cover material and supportsystem, if present.3.2.8.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,material such as foams, cotton batting, polyester fiberfill,bonded cellulose, or down.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method is based on the observation that the netheat of combustion is gen
29、erally directly related to the amountof oxygen required for combustion (1).5Approximately13.1 103kJ of heat is released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed.Specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditionswhile being subjected to a prescribed initial test heat flux of 35kW/m2.4.2 The heat release i
30、s determined by measurement of theoxygen consumption, as determined by the oxygen concentra-tion and flow rate in the combustion product stream, asdescribed in Test Method E1354.4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentrationand exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements includethe mass lo
31、ss rate of the specimen, the time to sustainedflaming, and the effective heat of combustion. Ignitability isdetermined by measuring the time from initial exposure to thetime of sustained flaming of the specimen.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, N
32、ew York, NY 10036.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis test method.E1474 1425. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the time tosustained flaming and heat release of materials and compositesexposed to a prescribed initial test
33、 heat flux in the conecalorimeter apparatus.5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide infor-mation that can be used for upholstery and mattress productdesigns and product development.5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful informationfor product development by yielding a quantitative m
34、easure ofspecific changes in fire performance caused by component andcomposite modifications. Heat release data from this testmethod will not be predictive of product behavior if theproduct does not spread flame over its surface under the fireexposure conditions of interest.5.4 Test LimitationsThe t
35、est data are invalid if either ofthe following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2)the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch thespark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heaterbase during combustion.6. Safety Precautions6.1 The test procedures involve hi
36、gh temperatures andcombustion processes. Therefore, the potential for hazardssuch as burns, ignition of extraneous objects or clothing, andinhalation of combustion products exists. The operator mustuse protective gloves for insertion and removal of the testspecimens. Do not touch either the cone hea
37、ter or the associ-ated fixtures while hot, except with the use of protectivegloves.7. Test Specimen PreparationMethod A (2)7.1 Equipment and Supplies for Specimen Preparation:7.1.1 Cutting EquipmentCut foams with a band saw; afoam-cutting blade shall be used. This blade has no teeth;instead, it has
38、a wavy scallop to the edge. Ensure that the bladeis well sharpened. Make certain that no silicones or other oilsare applied to lubricate the blade; lubrication shall be solelywith graphite or molybdenum compounds. The band saw blademust make a straight and true cut of the foam. Set the bladeguide no
39、 higher than 12 mm above the stock to be cut.7.1.2 Forming BlocksThe specimen preparation rests cru-cially upon the proper use of forming blocks. These blocks aremade in dimensions of 98 by 98 by 50 mm. Each of thesedimensions shall be controlled to 6 0.5 mm. Use, as thematerial for the forming bloc
40、ks, a dense wood, such as maple,which is minimally subject to dimensional changes when thehumidity is changed. Do not use pine. Use only fully kiln-driedtimber for making the forming blocks. Ensure that all surfacesare cut straight and true and are smooth. The edges shall not berounded, but the corn
41、ers shall be slightly rounded. It ispreferable to lacquer the blocks with an acrylic lacquer toensure a hard, smooth, stable surface. Make up a minimum of12 blocks to allow a reasonable number of specimens to beprepared at the same time.7.1.3 AdhesiveSeveral adhesives have been found suitablefor sec
42、uring the fabrics. The adhesive shall be low in flamma-bility and shall have suitable holding power to permit insertingthe resilient padding, stay in place until the testing is performed(that is, through the required conditioning) and during theflammability test procedure. For the latter, the glued
43、portions ofthe fabric shall neither flame excessively nor retard burning.Adhesives that are based on polychloroprene, acrylic, or waterhave been found suitable.7.1.3.1 Adhesive SelectionAdhesives based on polychlo-roprene in methylene chloride solvent have been found suitablefor all composites teste
44、d.6Adhesives based on acrylic in watersolvent (white glue, readily available in hardware and craftstores)7have been proven adequate for many, but not all,fabrics and interliners tested by a United States testing labo-ratory. Other adhesives are also suitable, provided they meetthe stated requirement
45、s.7.1.3.2 Adhesive ApplicationThe method of adhesive ap-plication depends on the particular adhesive selected. Water-soluble adhesives are applied directly from the bottle andtherefore do not require a brush. Likewise, any spillage isreadily cleanable with water. This type of adhesive does not setas
46、 quickly as the solvent-based adhesives, which permitsshifting the fabric as necessary to create a neat, tight package.However, the glued specimen shall be left overnight to ensurea good seal. On the other hand, polychloroprene-based adhe-sives are applied with a brush made of hog bristles or others
47、tiff, course material. The brush shall be flat and square cut,with a width of 7 to 8 mm. A solvent compatible with theadhesive shall be used for cleanup and storage of the brush.The solvent-based glues set up very quickly and do not permitany adjustment around the wood block.7.1.3.3 Adhesive Checkin
48、gTo test the efficiency of anadhesive, apply a small amount on two small pieces of thefabric or interliner to be used. Allow the adhesive to dry (atleast overnight), and then attempt to tear the fabric pieces fromone another. To be acceptable, the glued pieces shall not beable to be separated withou
49、t tearing the fabric.7.1.4 TapeMasking tape or other tape with adhesive isused to assist in assembling the test composites. Any type oftape which will adequately adhere to all fabrics and be easy toremove after completion of assembly is suitable for thispurpose. Some interliners or fabrics will be damaged by directapplication of masking tape to their surface, since removalresults in tearing or marring the surface. For items susceptibleto such damage, prepare strips of paper slightly wider than thewidth of the masking tape and long enough to reach all the
