1、Designation: E1497 17 An American National StandardStandard Practice forSelection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight OilMetal Removal Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1497; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、 in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice sets forth guidelines for the selection andsafe use of metal remo
3、val fluids, additives, and antimicrobials.This includes product selection, storage, dispensing, and main-tenance.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typically usedat high dilution, and dilution rates vary widely. Additionally,there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluidas
4、 manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives andantimicrobials.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil, a synthetic oil, or otheroils of animal or vegetable origin, including oils that aremodified for performance characteristics (fo
5、r example, esteri-fied rapeseed oil, and so forth). Straight oils are not intended tobe diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often includedin straight oil formulations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandar
6、d.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to u
7、se.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers
8、 to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyE1972 Practice f
9、or Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)3E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-dotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworkingor Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
10、E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-formanceE2889 Practice for Control of Respiratory Hazards in theMetal Removal Fluid Environ
11、ment2.2 U.S. Code of Federal Regulations:429 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication29 CFR 1910.132 General Requirements (Personal Protec-tive Equipment) (e.g. gloves, sleeves, aprons, are criticalapplications that avoid or reduce exposure)29 CFR 1910.133 Eye and Face Protection29 CFR 1910.134 Respirator
12、y Protection29 CFR 1910.138 Hand Protection29 CFR 1910.1048 Formaldehyde1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa-tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 onHealth and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition app
13、roved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E1497 05 (2011).DOI: 10.1520/E1497-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
14、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Code of Federal Regulations available from United States Government PrintingOffice, Washington, DC 20402.*A Summary of Chang
15、es section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Deci
16、sion on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.129 CFR 1910 Appendix B to Subpart I Non-mandatoryCompliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Per-sonal Protective Equip
17、ment Selection40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides andDevices40 CFR Chapter I, Subchapter N Effluent Guidelines andStandards2.3 Other Documents:Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: AGuide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Fluids53. Terminology3.1 For definitions and
18、 terms relating to this practice, referto Terminology E1542.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 contaminant, nsubstances contained in in-use metalremoval fluids that are not part of the as-received fluid, such asabrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines andshav
19、ings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi,microbial decay products, and waste.3.2.2 control, vto prevent, eliminate, or reduce hazardsrelated to use of metal removal fluids in metal removalprocesses and to provide appropriate supplemental or interimprotection, or both, as necessary
20、, to employees.3.2.3 dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of the skin.3.2.3.1 DiscussionDermatitis can result from a wide va-riety of sources and processes. The most common origins areirritant or allergic responses to a chemical or physical agent.Signs and symptoms that typify the initial onset of
21、dermatitisinclude: erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itch-ing); and, vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). In more severecases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) maydevelop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure tothe causative agent ceases. More severe cases m
22、ay requiremore time and some medical attention. Individuals who havefair complexions appear to be at higher risk for dermatitis.3.2.4 emergency, nany occurrence, such as but not limitedto equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of controlequipment that results in an uncontrolled release
23、 of a signifi-cant amount of metal removal fluid.3.2.5 employee exposure, ncontact with the metal removalfluid, components, and contaminants by inhalation, skincontact, eye contact, or accidental ingestion.3.2.6 endotoxins, nlipopolysaccharides derived from theouter membrane of Gram-negative bacteri
24、a. These compoundscan be pyrogenic (fever producing) at low airborne concentra-tions.3.2.7 folliculitis, nan inflammatory response to excess oilin hair follicles3.2.8 metal removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworkingfluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to producethe finished part.3.2.8
25、.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids addressed by thispractice include straight or neat oils, not intended for furtherdilution with water, and water-miscible soluble oils,semisynthetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be dilutedwith water before use. Metal removal fluids become contami-nated dur
26、ing use in the workplace with a variety of workplacesubstances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolvedmetal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiologicaldecay products, and waste. These contaminants can causechanges i
27、n the lubricity and cooling ability of the metalremoval fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affectthe health and welfare of employees in contact with thecontaminated metal removal fluid.3.2.9 metal removal process, na manufacturing processthat removes metal during shaping of a part, inc
28、luding machin-ing processes, such as milling, drilling, turning, broaching, andtapping, and grinding processes, as well as honing and lapping,and other similar mechanical operations in which metal isremoved to produce a finished part.3.2.10 tramp oil, noil and oil-soluble additives, some-times insol
29、uble, resulting from leaking hydraulic or gear oil, orsacrificial spindle oil, or slide way lubricant, that contaminatethe metal removal fluid. Tramp oils may contaminate the metalremoval fluid with components that are emulsifiable but whichwere not part of the metal removal fluid as formulated.3.2.
30、11 wet metal removal fluid environment, nthe work-place environment where fluids are used to cool and lubricatemachining or grinding operations.4. Significance and Use4.1 Use of this practice will improve management andcontrol of metal removal fluids. The proper management anduse will reduce dermal
31、and other occupational hazards associ-ated with these fluids.4.1.1 Guide E2148 covers information on how to usedocuments related to health and safety of metalworking andmetal removal fluids, including this document. Documentsreferenced in Guide E2148 are grouped as applicable toproducers, to users,
32、or to all.4.1.2 Practice E2889 augments the information provided inthis practice by providing information on approaches to reduc-ing exposures to different types of metal removal fluid relatedaerosols.5. Routes of Metal Removal Fluid Exposure and Effectsof Overexposure5.1 Routes of exposure to metal
33、 removal fluids include eyecontact, inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact. Exposuremay be through contact with the fluid or by contact withairborne fluid mists, vapor, splashing, or residual fluid onmachinery, parts, or clothing.5.2 Eye contact may cause mild to severe irritation, depend-ing on
34、the concentration and specific characteristics (forexample, alkalinity) of the product.5.2.1 Prevent eye contact. Ensure that splash guarding isfunctional or wear eye protection appropriate for the level of5Available from ORC Worldwide, Inc., 1800 K Street NW, Suite 810,Washington, DC 20006.E1497 17
35、2splashing or spraying encountered, such as safety glasses withside shields or goggles. See 29 CFR 1910.133.5.3 Inhalation may cause respiratory irritation or other typesof respiratory effects (see 5.3.4).5.3.1 Reduce exposure to mists and vapors. Permissibleexposure levels (OSHA) of the fluid and c
36、omponent ingredi-ents shall not be exceeded. Engineering controls, such asmachine enclosures and exhaust ventilation or substitution withlow-mist products, are preferred methods to control exposure.5.3.2 Test Method D7049 can be used for the determinationof both particulate total matter and extracta
37、ble mass metalremoval fluid aerosol concentrations in a range of 0.05 to5mgm3in workplace atmospheres.5.3.3 See Practice E1972 for guidelines for minimizingeffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.5.3.4 For additional information, see Criteria for a Recom-mended Standard Occupational
38、 Exposure to Metal WorkingFluids.65.4 Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal disturbances.5.5 Prolonged or repeated dermal contact may cause dry andcracked skin, rash, redness, burning, or itching. Skin abrasionscan intensify the effects. Some metal removal fluids andadditives may sensitize the skin o
39、f affected employees, whichcan result in a response to very low levels of exposure.6. Fluid Product Selection6.1 Proper product selection is fundamentally critical toreducing or eliminating respiratory conditions and occupa-tional dermatitis associated with exposure to metal removalfluids. The metal
40、 removal fluids should perform as intendedwhile providing the safest working conditions. The selection ofa metal removal fluid for each different operation must con-sider the inherent limitations of the product. Water-misciblefluids not properly selected are likely to be used at higherconcentrations
41、 than other products more appropriate to theoperation.6.1.1 Consult “Management of the Metal Removal Environ-ment” and “Metalworking Fluids Evaluation Guide”7forfurther information on selecting the proper fluid for theapplication. In addition, your fluid supplier, chemical manager,or corporate subje
42、ct matter expert should be able to provideinformation on the proper selection of the appropriate fluid andrecommended concentration for use.6.2 Potential health hazards can be reduced by careful fluidselection and substitution. See Guide E1302 and consult“Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best
43、PracticesManual”8for further information.6.3 The metal removal fluid manufacturers safety datasheet (SDS) and toxicological data must be complete and mustprovide all applicable information on metal removal fluids,ingredients, and additives. This data shall be reviewed in orderto evaluate potential h
44、azards and establish appropriate controlprocedures.6.4 The metal removal fluid manufacturer must provide allapplicable health, safety, and toxicological data on additives,including rust inhibitors, product stabilizers, and antimicrobi-als of all types, odorants, and dyes. These data shall bereviewed
45、 for their impact on the metal removal fluid mixture towhich they are added. Additives shall only be used with theagreement of the metalworking fluid manufacturer and theappropriate health and safety personnel in the plant.6.5 As supplied, antimicrobials and other additives fortankside addition may
46、present greater health and safety risksthan the metal removal fluid. Further, additives and antimicro-bials are less likely to be handled automatically, or with specialdelivery equipment, than metal removal fluid concentrate sogreater care and attention are required to reduce risks ofexposure.6.5.1
47、To avoid recognized health and safety hazards, metalremoval fluid formulations shall not contain nitrites or nitro-sating agents, petroleum oils that are not severely refined,chlorinated paraffins that have been identified as carcinogens,and other constituents listed in applicable purchase specifica
48、-tions.6.6 All applicable disposal criteria must be met. If there isan on-site wastewater treatment plant, consult with the operatorat the time of fluid selection.7. Water Quality and Treatment7.1 Water constitutes more than 90 % of the diluted water-miscible metal removal fluid mixture. Water shall
49、 be evaluatedfor hardness, alkalinity, high conductivity, turbidity,corrosivity, biological contaminants, and other factors that maylead to increased use of metal removal fluid concentrate,additives, or antimicrobials, or a combination thereof. Goodwater quality is fundamental to proper metal removal fluid use,will help reduce use of additives and antimicrobials, andlengthen fluid life. Consult your metal removal fluid supplier,chemical manager, and corporate subject matter expert.7.2 Where suitable water is not available, water treatmentshall be designed to produce e
