1、Designation: E1537 16 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Testing of Upholstered Furniture1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1537; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine theburning behavior of uph
3、olstered furniture used in publicoccupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when thespecimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flamingignition source under well-ventilated conditions.1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior froma specific ignition source until all burn
4、ing has ceased, a periodof 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.1.4 This test method does not provide information on thefire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditionsother than those conditions specified. In particular, this testmethod does not apply to smoldering ignition
5、by cigarettes.See X1.6 for further information.1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen ismeasured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 forfurther information.1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measuredand the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in thecombustio
6、n gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for furtherinformation.1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photo-graphic or video recordings, whenever possible.1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is theSI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The unitsgiven in parentheses
7、are for information only.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire riskassessment of the materials, products or assem
8、blies underactual fire conditions.1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safe-guards for personnel and property shall be employed inconducting these tests.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o
9、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics ofBuilding Mat
10、erialsE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE800 Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or GeneratedDuring FiresE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE2067 Practice for Full-Scale O
11、xygen Consumption Calo-rimetry Fire TestsE2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and CeilingMaterials and AssembliesIEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI): TheModern Metric System2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 4880 Burning Behaviour of Textiles and TextileProductsVocabularyISO 9705 Fire Tes
12、tsFull Scale Room Test for SurfaceProductsISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary2.3 UL Standard:4UL 1056 Fire Test of Upholstered Furniture1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishingsand Contents.Cu
13、rrent edition approved Dec. 15, 2016. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1537 15. DOI:10.1520/E1537-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
14、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfingsten Rd.,North
15、brook, IL 60062-2096, http:/.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized princ
16、iples on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.4 CA Standard:5CA Technical Bulletin 133 Flammability Test Procedure forS
17、eating Furniture for Use in Public Occupancies2.5 BSI Standard:6BS 5852 Fire Tests for Furniture. Methods of Test for theIgnitability of Upholstered Composites for Seating byFlame Sources2.6 Nordtest Standard:7Nordtest Method NT Fire 032 Upholstered Furniture: Burn-ing BehaviorFull Scale Test2.7 NFP
18、A Standards:8NFPA 265 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingRoom Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Coverings onFull Height Panels and WallsNFPA 286 Standard Methods of Fire Tests for EvaluatingContribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to RoomFire Growth3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3
19、.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with fire issues, refer to the terminology containedin Terminology E176 and in ISO 13943. The definitions givenin Terminology E176 shall prevail in case of conflict. Fordefinitions of terms used in this test method and associatedwi
20、th textile issues, refer to Terminology D123 and ISO 4880.The definitions given in Terminology D123 shall prevail incase of conflict.3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this test method andassociated with textile issues refer to the terminology containedin Terminology D123.3.2 Definitions of Term
21、s Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 product, nthe upholstered furniture for which infor-mation is required.3.2.2 specimen, nmanufactured item of the product, rep-resentative prototype of the product, or mock-up of theproduct.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe mock-up shall be constructed asdescribed in Annex A1.3.
22、2.3 upholstered, adjcovered with material (as fabric orpadding) to provide a soft surface.3.2.4 upholstered seating furniture, na unit of interiorfurnishing that (1) contains any surface that is covered, inwhole or in part, with a fabric or other upholstery covermaterial, (2) contains upholstery mat
23、erial, and (3) is intendedor promoted for sitting upon.3.2.5 upholstery cover material, nthe outermost layer offabric or related materials used to enclose the main supportsystem, or upholstery materials, or both, used in the furnitureunit.3.2.6 upholstery material, nthe padding, stuffing, or filling
24、material used in a furniture unit, which may be either loose orattached, enclosed by an upholstery cover material, or locatedbetween the upholstery cover material and support system, ifpresent.3.2.6.1 DiscussionThis includes, but is not limited to,material, such as foams, cotton batting, polyester f
25、iberfill,bonded cellulose, or down.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method determines a number of fire-test-response characteristics from a full-scale specimen of uphol-stered furniture ignited with a propane gas burner. Measure-ments to be made include rate of heat and smoke release, totalamo
26、unt of heat and smoke released, rate and concentration ofcarbon oxides released, and rate and amount of mass ofspecimen lost. Other optional measurements are also described.4.2 Three options are provided, in all of which the uphol-stered furniture specimen to be tested is placed on a weighingplatfor
27、m and measurements of heat release, smoke release, andcombustion gas release are made in an exhaust duct.4.3 In Options A and B the duct is located outside thedoorway of a test room. In Option C the duct is located directlyover the specimen.4.4 Additional (optional) instrumentation placed in the tes
28、troom is also described.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a varietyof fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning aspecimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniturespecimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilatedconditions after
29、ignition using a propane gas burner. The mostimportant fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rateof heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the firegenerated.5.2 The rate of heat release is measured by the principle ofoxygen consumption. The assumptions and limitations ofoxygen d
30、epletion calorimetry are discussed in Annex A4, andin particular in A4.1.2.5.3 Other fire-test-response characteristics are measured,namely smoke obscuration and combustion gas release, as theyare also important in making decisions on fire safety.5.4 The most important gaseous components of smoke ar
31、ethe carbon oxides, present in all fires. They are indicators of thetoxicity of the atmosphere and of the completeness of combus-tion. Measurement of concentrations of carbon oxides areuseful for two purposes: as part of fire hazard assessmentcalculations and to improve the accuracy of heat releasem
32、easurements. Other toxic combustion gases, which are spe-cific to certain materials, are less crucial for determiningcombustion completeness and are optional measures, but firehazard assessment often requires their measurement.5.5 The type of ignition chosen (a flaming source) iscommon in both accid
33、ental and intentional fires in publicoccupancies. This test method is thus applicable to upholstered5Available from Bureau of Electronic and Appliance Repair, Home Furnishingsand Thermal Insulation, State of California, Dept. of Consumer Affairs, 3485Orange Grove Ave., North Highlands, CA 95660-5595
34、, www.bhfti.ca.gov.6Available from British Standards Institution (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/7Available from Nordtest, PO Box 22, SF-00341, Helsingfors, Finland.8Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/w
35、ww.nfpa.org.E1537 162furniture in public occupancies. Such facilities include, but arenot limited to, jails, prisons, nursing care homes, health carefacilities, public auditoriums, hotels, and motels.5.6 It has been shown that if the gas burner is used at a flowrate of 13 L/min for 80 s (equivalent
36、to 19.3 kW), as is the casein California Technical Bulletin (CA TB) 133, it approximatesthe ignition propensity of five crumpled sheets of newspaperlocated on the seating cushion.5.7 This test method specifies both a particular flow rate ofpropane gas and a period of gas flow. If the ignition condit
37、ionsare changed, the results would then deviate from the modelselected for this test.5.8 This test method is not applicable to ignition of uphol-stered furniture by cigarettes.5.9 One of the following three test configurations is to beused in this test method:5.9.1 AA test room with the following di
38、mensions: 3.66by 2.44 by 2.44 m high.5.9.2 BA test room with the following dimensions: 3.66by 3.05 by 2.44 m high.5.9.3 CAn open calorimeter (or furniture calorimeter).5.10 Measurements in the three test configurations listed in5.9 have been shown to give similar results for heat release inthe duct,
39、 for heat release rates lower than 600 kW (see X1.4)(1).95.11 Measurements of temperatures, gas concentrations, andsmoke obscuration in the room, which are optional in this testmethod, are dependent on room size.5.12 This test method has been designed to give details forthe means to build and operat
40、e equipment capable of runningtests as required by CA TB 133. This test method is, however,more general than that technical bulletin.6. Test Specimen6.1 The test specimen consists of a full-size manufactureditem of upholstered furniture, a representative prototype of theupholstered furniture, or a m
41、ock-up of the upholsteredfurniture, constructed in accordance with Annex A1.6.2 When a full-scale upholstered furniture mock-up isused, the mock-up shall in all possible respects reflect theconstruction of the actual furniture that it is intended torepresent.7. Room Layout and Instrumentation7.1 Tes
42、t Room Layout (Test Configuration A)The testroom shall have dimensions of 2.44 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 625 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (8 by 12 by 8 ft high). Theroom shall have no openings other than a doorway opening0.76 m6 6.4 mm by 2.03 m 6 6.4 mm (30 by 80 in.), locatedas indicated in Fig. 1, and oth
43、er small openings, as necessary tomake test measurements. Construct the test room of wooden ormetal studs, and line it with fire rated gypsum wallboard orcalcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described inAnnexA2, outside of the room doorway, such that it collects allthe combustion gases. T
44、here shall be no obstructions to the airsupply to the test setup.NOTE 1Both Type X gypsum wallboard and calcium silicate wall-board with a thickness of at least 13 mm (0.5 in.) have been foundacceptable. If the thickness of the wallboard is larger, it will not affect theresults of this test.7.2 Test
45、 Room Layout (Test Configuration B)The testroom shall have dimensions of 3.05 m 6 25 mm by 3.66 m 625 mm by 2.44 m 6 25 mm high (10 by 12 by 8 ft high). Theroom shall have no openings other than a doorway opening0.97 m6 6.4 mm by 2.06 m 6 6.4 mm (38 by 81 in.), locatedas indicated in Fig. 2, and oth
46、er small openings, as necessary,to make test measurements. Construct the test room of woodenor metal studs, and line it with fire-rated gypsum wallboard orcalcium silicate wallboard. Position a hood, as described inAnnexA2, outside of the room doorway, such that it collects allthe combustion gases.
47、There shall be no obstructions to the airsupply to the test set-up. (See Note 1.)7.3 Open Calorimeter Layout (Test Configuration C)Thearea surrounding the test specimen shall be sufficiently largethat there are no heat radiation effects from the walls or any9The boldface numbers in parentheses refer
48、 to a list of references at the end ofthe text.NOTE 1See text for tolerances; room instrumentation is optional.FIG. 1 Test Room Configuration for Option A for Items of Furni-ture Less Than 1 m AcrossE1537 163other nearby objects. The airflow to the test specimen shall besymmetrical from all sides.7.
49、4 General Discussion of Room LayoutHeat release mea-surements in the duct, made in Options A, B, and C have beenshown to give similar results for heat release rates lower than600 kW (see X1.4) (1).7.5 Other Test Room FurnishingsThe test room shallcontain no furnishings except for the item to be tested.7.6 Test Room Instrumentation (Optional):7.6.1 Location of optional test room instruments is de-scribed in Figs. 1-4.7.6.2 Carry out optional room temperature measurementswith chromel-alumel Type K thermocouples, shielded againsthig
