1、Designation: E1546 15 An American National StandardStandard Guide forDevelopment of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1546; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards.1.2 This guide is directed toward developme
3、nt of standardsthat will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmfulto people, animals, or property.1.3 Fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment are bothprocedures for assessing the potential for harm caused bysomethingthe subject of the assessmentwhen it is involved infire, where t
4、he involvement in fire is assessed relative to anumber of defined fire scenarios.1.4 Both fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessmentprovide information that can be used to address a larger groupof fire scenarios. Fire-hazard assessment provides informationon the maximum potential for harm that
5、can be caused by thefire scenarios that are analyzed or by any less severe firescenarios. Fire-risk assessment uses information on the relativelikelihood of the fire scenarios that are analyzed and theadditional fire scenarios that each analyzed scenario represents.In these two ways, fire-hazard ass
6、essment and fire-risk assess-ment allow the user to support certain statements about thepotential for harm caused by something when it is involved infire, generally.1.5 Fire-hazard assessment is appropriate when the goal isto characterize maximum potential for harm under worst-caseconditions. Fire-r
7、isk assessment is appropriate when the goal isto characterize overall risk (average severity) or to characterizethe likelihood of worst-case outcomes. It is important that theuser select the appropriate type of assessment procedure for thestatements the user wants to support.1.6 Fire-hazard assessme
8、nt is addressed in this guide andfire-risk assessment is addressed in Guide E1776.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and d
9、etermine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitativemeasures.1.9 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitativemeasure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditionsinvolving specific materials, produ
10、cts, or assemblies. Thisassessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actualfires which involve conditions other than those assumed in theanalysis.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2859 Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of FinishedTextile Floor Covering MaterialsE176 Termino
11、logy of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE648 Test Method for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy SourceE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1678 Test Met
12、hod for Measuring Smoke Toxicity for Usein Fire Hazard AnalysisE1776 Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-AssessmentStandards2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 13943 Fire Safety Vocabulary2.3 NFPA Standards:4NFPA 101 Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildingsand StructuresNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Prot
13、ection2.4 SFPE Standards:5SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protec-tion1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Safety Engineering.Current edition approved June 15, 2015. Published Augus
14、t 2015. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E154609a. DOI:10.1520/E1546-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the sta
15、ndards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.5A
16、vailable from Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE), 7315 WisconsinAve., Suite 620E, Bethesda, MD 20814, http:/www.sfpe.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions of TermsSee Terminology E1
17、76 and ISO13943. In case of conflict the definitions in Terminology E176shall prevail.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 environment, nas related to fire, the conditions andsurroundings that may influence the behavior of a material,product, or assembly when it is exposed to ignition sources offire.3.2.2 fire-cha
18、racteristic profile, nan array of fire-test-response characteristics, all measured using tests relevant tothe same fire scenario, for a material, product, or assembly, toaddress, collectively, the corresponding fire hazard. See alsofire hazard, fire riskand fire-test response characteristic.3.2.2.1
19、DiscussionAn array of fire-test-response charac-teristics in a set of data relevant to the assessment of fire hazardin a particular fire sceanrio. In other words, all the fire testsused would have a demonstrated validity for the fire scenario inquestion, for example, by having comparable fire intens
20、ities.The fire-characteristic profile is intended as a collective guideto the potential fire hazard from a material, product, orassembly involved in a fire that could be represented by thelaboratory test conditions.3.2.3 fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated withfire.3.2.3.1 DiscussionA fi
21、re may pose one or more types ofhazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards areassociated with the environment and with a number of fire-test-response characteristics of materials, products, or assem-blies including, but not limited to, ease of ignition, flamespread, rate of heat release,
22、smoke generation and obscuration,toxicity of combustion products, and ease of extinguishment.3.2.4 fire risk, nan estimation of expected fire loss thatcombines the potential for harm in various scenarios that canoccur with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios.3.2.4.1 DiscussionRisk may
23、 be defined as the probabilityof having a certain type of fire, where the type of fire may bedefined in whole or part by the degree of potential harmassociated with it, or as potential for harm weighted byassociated probabilities. However, it is defined, no risk scaleimplies a single value of accept
24、able risk. Different individualspresented with the same risk situation may have differentopinions on its acceptability.3.2.5 fire scenario, na detailed description of conditions,including environmental, of one or more of the stages frombefore ignition to the completion of combustion in an actualfire
25、, or in a full scale simulation.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe conditions describing a firescenario, or a group of fire scenarios, are those required for thetesting, analysis, or assessment that is of interest. Typically,they are those conditions that can create significant variation inthe results. The degre
26、e of detail necessary will depend upon theintended use of the fire scenario. Environmental conditionsmay be included in a scenario definition but are not required inall cases. Fire scenarios often define conditions in the earlystages of a fire while allowing analysis to calculate conditionsin later
27、stages.3.2.6 fire test response characteristic, na response char-acteristic of a material, product, or assembly to a prescribedsource of heat or flame, under controlled fire conditions; suchresponse characteristics may include, but are not limited to,ease of ignition, flame spread, heat release, mas
28、s loss, smokegeneration, fire endurance, and toxic potency of smoke.3.2.6.1 DiscussionA fire-test-response characteristic canbe influenced by variable characteristics of the heat source,such as it intensity, or of the burning environment, such asventilation, geometry of item or enclosure, humidity,
29、or oxygenconcentration. It is not an intrinsic property such as specificheat, thermal conductivity, or heat of combustion, where thevalue is independent of test variables. A fire-test-responsecharacteristic may be described in one of several terms. Smokegeneration, for example, may be described as s
30、moke opacity,change of opacity with time, or smoke weight. No quantitativecorrelation need exist between values of a fire-test-responsecharacteristic for different materials, product, or assemblies, asmeasured by different methods or tested under different sets ofconditions for a given method.3.3 De
31、finitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 fire characteristic index, na single quantitative mea-sure that combines two or more fire-test-response characteris-tics for a material, product, or assembly, all developed undertest conditions compatible with a common fire scenario,addressing colle
32、ctively, the corresponding threat. See alsofire-characteristics profile, fire hazard, fire risk, fire-test-response characteristic.3.3.2 fire hazard assessment, na process for measuring orcalculating the potential for harm created by the presence of amaterial, product, or assembly in the relevant fi
33、re scenarios.3.3.3 fire risk assessment, na means for computing theprobability of fire loss within a specified period in a definedoccupancy or situation.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking thedevelopment of fire-hazard-assessment standards. Such stan-dards
34、are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects,specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on anapproach to the development of a fire hazard standard; fixedprocedures are not established. Limitations of data, availabletests an
35、d models, and scientific knowledge may constitutesignificant constraints on the fire-hazard-assessment procedure.4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-hazard-assessment standards for products, the general conceptspresented also may apply to processes, activities, occupancies,and bu
36、ildings.4.4 When developing fire-risk-assessment standards, useGuide E1776. The present guide also contains some of theguidance to develop such a fire-risk assessment standard.5. Key Elements5.1 This guide uses as its key elements the following:5.1.1 The purpose of a fire-hazard-assessment standard
37、or afire-risk-assessment standard is to provide a standardizedE1546 152procedure for assembling a compilation of information relevantto the fire hazard or fire risk of a product under specificconditions of use.5.1.2 The information assembled by using a fire-hazard-assessment standard should be relev
38、ant to the purpose ofassessing the fire hazard of the specific designated productwithin the range of designated fire scenarios. The informationassembled by using a fire-risk-assessment standard (see GuideE1776) should be relevant to the purpose of assessing the firerisk of the specific designated pr
39、oduct within the range of allrelevant scenarios.5.1.3 The information assembled should be explicit andquantitative and should provide a sufficiently thorough exami-nation of the products fire hazard under the conditions definedby the scope of the specific standard, so as to permit validchoices and d
40、ecisions with respect to the fire hazard of thatproduct.5.1.4 A persuasive scientific case must be made in thedocumentation of a specific fire-hazard-assessment standardthat the procedures, data, and hazard measures specified by thestandard will address questions about a products fire hazardwith suf
41、ficient accuracy and validity that a more thoroughassessment procedure would not materially alter any decisionsthat might be made based on the standard. If such a case cannotbe made for all products to be addressed, then the hazardassessment should specify those conditions under which amore thorough
42、 fire-hazard-assessment procedure should beused. In some cases, the more thorough assessment procedureidentified by a fire-hazard-assessment standard can be consid-ered to be a fire-risk-assessment procedure, but this must beconfirmed via Guide E1776.5.1.5 The absence of a data source, test method,
43、or calcu-lation procedure of sufficient scope and proven validity tosupport the needs of a particular fire-hazard-assessment proce-dure may not be a sufficient reason to use a data source, testmethod, or calculation procedure of lesser scope or unprovenvalidity. It is recognized that fire-hazard ass
44、essments of suchproducts may need to be performed in any event, using relevantnon-standardized procedures. When such non-standardized orunvalidated procedures are used, the details shall be includedto such an extent that the procedures become standardized onlyfor use within the specified fire-hazard
45、-assessment or fire-risk-assessment procedure through final publication of the fire-hazard-assessment or fire-risk-assessment standard document.5.1.5.1 The concepts discussed in 5.1.5 apply both tofire-hazard assessments, conducted in accordance with thisguide, and to fire-risk assessments, conducte
46、d in accordancewith Guide E1776.5.1.6 Among the significant outcomes of a fire-hazardassessment would be the revelation that a product produceseither an increase, no increase, or a decrease in fire hazard onsome or all hazard measures and for all or some of thescenarios specified by the standard, re
47、lative to another productor relative to baseline hazard values for those measures andscenarios. These baseline values may or may not be derivedfrom fire-hazard assessments of products already in use.However, when the product is proposed for an existing use, itshould be compared to an existing produc
48、t having the sameuse. For example, if a products fire hazard is uniformly ratedgreater than the reference values on all comparisons specifiedby the standard, then the overall fire-hazard assessment of theproduct will be greater than the fire hazard of the baseline (orproduct in use).5.1.7 If the ass
49、essment shows that the product is notuniformly rated higher than, equivalent to, or less than theother product(s) or the baseline for all hazard measures andreflecting all scenarios specified by the standard, then theimplications of the fire-risk assessment for product evaluation(in accordance with Guide E1776) will not be clear without thedevelopment of appropriate decision rules. Such rules wouldcombine the fire hazard or fire risk measures, giving appropri-ate weighting to each fire-hazard or fire-risk measure, and, ifnecessary, would combine measures for
