1、Designation: E1776 16 An American National StandardStandard Guide forDevelopment of Fire-Risk-Assessment Standards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1776; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-risk-assessment standards.1.2 This guide is directed toward development o
3、f standardsthat will provide procedures for assessing fire risks harmful topeople, property, or the environment.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate saf
4、ety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This standard is used to establish a means of combiningthe potential for harm in fire scenarios with the probabilities ofoccurrence of those scenarios. Assessment of fire risk using thisstandard depe
5、nds upon many factors, including the manner inwhich the user selects scenarios and uses them to represent allscenarios relevant to the application. This standard cannot beused to assess fire risk if any specifications are different fromthose contained in the standard.1.5 This fire standard cannot be
6、 used to provide quantitativemeasures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-AssessmentStandards2.2 Other Documents:SFPE Engineering Guide to Performance-Based FireProtection, Society of Fire Protection Engineers andNFP
7、A, Quincy, MA, 20003ISO 13943 Fire Safety Vocabulary43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee E176, Terminology of Fire Standardsand ISO 13943, Fire Safety Vocabulary. In case of conflict,the definitions in Terminology E176 shall prevailE176.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for use by those
8、 undertaking thedevelopment of fire-risk-assessment standards. Such standardsare expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specifi-cation writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on anapproach to the development of a fire-risk-assessme
9、nt stan-dard; fixed procedures are not established. Limitations of data,available tests and models, and scientific knowledge canconstitute significant constraints on the fire-risk-assessmentprocedure and associated standard.4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-risk-assessment stan
10、dards for products, the general concepts pre-sented also can be applied to processes, activities, occupancies,and buildings.5. Key Elements5.1 This guide uses as its key elements the following:5.1.1 The purpose of a fire-risk-assessment standard is toprovide a standardized procedure for assembling a
11、 compilationof information relevant to the fire risk of a product underspecific conditions of use.5.1.2 The information assembled shall be relevant to thepurpose of assessing the fire risk of the specific designatedproduct within the range of all relevant fire scenarios.5.1.3 The information assembl
12、ed shall be explicit and quan-titative. It shall provide a sufficiently thorough examination ofthe products fire risk under the conditions defined by the scopeof the specific standard so as to permit valid choices anddecisions with respect to the fire risk of that product.5.1.4 A persuasive scientif
13、ic case must be made in thedocumentation of a specific fire-risk-assessment standard thatthe procedures, data, and risk measures specified by thestandard will address questions about a products fire risk withsufficient accuracy and validity that a more thorough assess-ment procedure would not materi
14、ally alter any decisions thatare to be made based on the standard. If such a case cannot bemade for all products to be addressed, then the risk assessment1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standardsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Safety
15、 Engineering.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originallypublished in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1776 13. DOI:10.1520/E1776-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
16、 Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 021697471.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20,
17、 Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1shall specify those conditions under which a more thoroughfire-risk-assessment procedure is to be used.5.1.5 The absence of a data source, test method, or
18、calcu-lation procedure of sufficient scope and proven validity tosupport the needs of a particular fire-risk-assessment proceduredoes not, by itself, provide a sufficient justification for the useof a data source, test method, or calculation procedure of lesserscope or unproven validity. It is recog
19、nized that fire-riskassessments of such products may need to be performed in anyevent, using relevant nonstandardized procedures. When suchnonstandardized or unvalidated procedures are used, the detailsshall be included to such an extent that the procedures becomestandardized only for use within the
20、 specified fire-risk-assessment procedure through final publication of the fire-risk-assessment standard document.5.1.6 Among the possible significant outcomes of a fire-riskassessment are a revelation that a product produces either anincrease, no increase, or a decrease in fire risk on some or allr
21、isk measures and for all or some of the scenarios specified bythe standard relative to another product or relative to baselinerisk values for those measures and scenarios. These baselinevalues may or may not be derived from fire-risk assessment ofproducts already in use. However, when the product is
22、 pro-posed for an existing use, the appropriate baseline for com-parison is existing products having the same use. For example,if a products risk is uniformly rated greater than the referencevalues on all comparisons specified by the standard, then theoverall fire-risk assessment of the product will
23、 be greater thanthe fire risk of the baseline (or product in use).5.1.7 If the assessment shows that the product is notuniformly rated higher than, equivalent to, or less than theother product(s) or the baseline for all risk measures, andreflecting all scenarios specified by the standard, then theim
24、plications of the fire risk assessment for product evaluationwill not be clear without the development of appropriatedecision rules. Such rules would determine the overall risk,giving appropriate weighting to each risk measure.6. Relationship Between Fire Hazard and Fire Risk6.1 It is important to d
25、ifferentiate between fire hazard andfire risk. The relationship is as follows:6.1.1 A fire-hazard measure addresses the expected perfor-mance of a product for a particular fire scenario, includingdesignated conditions of use. A fire-risk measure incorporatesfire-hazard measures but also incorporates
26、 the probability ofoccurrence of each fire scenario and addresses all relevant firescenarios.6.1.2 Because the number of distinguishable relevant firescenarios in any fire-risk assessment is usually unmanageablylarge, it will normally be necessary for fire scenarios to begrouped into classes for pur
27、poses of analysis. This may makethe fire-risk assessment less product-specific or less specific toconditions of use than would be true of a fire-hazard assess-ment.6.1.3 Some existing fire-risk-assessment models and calcu-lation procedures define fire risk as the sum over all firescenario classes of
28、 the probability-weighted fire hazard for thatfire scenario class. In such an approach:6.1.3.1 The fire scenarios in each fire scenario class shall bevery similar with respect to those characteristics that determinefire hazard.6.1.3.2 Each fire scenario class will have a probability (Pi)that represe
29、nts the likelihood of a fire corresponding to ascenario in that class.6.1.3.3 For each fire scenario class, a specific fire scenarioshall be chosen as representative of the class, so that the firehazard for that specific fire scenario can be used as a validestimate of Hi, the fire hazard of the fire
30、 scenario class. This isdefined as the probability-weighted mean fire hazard for all thespecific fire scenarios in the fire scenario class, a quantity thatcannot be directly calculated.6.1.3.4 If this structure is adopted, then the relationshipbetween fire risk measure and fire hazard measure is giv
31、en bythe following formula:Risk 5(iPi3 Hi! (1)where:Hi= hazard for representative scenario of scenario class i,i = 1, ., n andPi= probability of scenario class i, i = 1, ., n.6.1.4 For a fire-risk-assessment standard, this formulashows that a fire-risk-assessment procedure may be constructedfrom a f
32、ire-hazard-assessment procedure, a valid structure offire scenario class and representative fire scenarios by class,and valid sources for fire scenario class probability data.7. Fire Risk-Assessment Standards7.1 Fire-risk-assessment standards shall conform in styleand content to the ASTM Form and St
33、yle Manual5.7.2 Fire-risk-assessment standards shall include sectionsentitled: Scope, Significance and Use, Terminology, and Pro-cedure. The sections shall be numbered and arranged in thatorder.7.2.1 ScopeThe statement in the Scope should clearlystate:7.2.1.1 The product or class of products of inte
34、rest,7.2.1.2 The fire scenario classes and representative firescenarios included in the standard,7.2.1.3 The assumptions used in the standard,7.2.1.4 The structure of the fire-risk-assessment procedure,including test methods, models, other calculation procedures,data sources, fire hazard measures, f
35、ire risk measures, and anyother evaluation criteria or procedures used, and7.2.1.5 Any limitations on the application of the standard,such as the manner, form, or orientation in which the productis incorporated within an assembly, geometric restrictionsessential to use of the product, the quantity o
36、f product in use,the end use of the product, and the type of occupancy to whichthe standard is applicable.7.2.2 Significance and Use:7.2.2.1 The major uses and any limitations of the standardfire-risk-assessment procedure should be clearly described,5Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
37、r Drive, WestConshohocken, PA 19428.E1776 162including an explicit description of the extent to which theincluded fire scenario classes and representative fire scenarios,in 7.2.1.2, constitute all the relevant fire scenario classes andrepresentative fire scenarios for the product (class) and occu-pa
38、ncy type addressed by the standard.7.2.2.2 The significance of the assessment to users shall beclearly stated.7.2.3 TerminologyTerms unique to the fire-risk-assessment standard shall be clearly defined. Standard terms asdefined in Terminology E176 shall be used.7.2.4 Procedure:7.2.4.1 This section s
39、hall include detailed descriptions ofthe fire-risk-assessment procedure and its component parts,including test methods, calculation procedures, scenariodescription, data sources, and evaluation criteria or procedures.7.2.4.2 Where sources for data on fire experience or expertjudgment are cited, the
40、procedures for assembling the data andthe accuracy, precision, and reliability of the data shall bedocumented. The data shall be accessible to personnel con-ducting or reviewing the fire-risk assessment.7.2.4.3 If calculation procedures include models, the ver-sions used shall be carefully identifie
41、d and referenced, andmajor assumptions and limitations of the models shall benoted. Validation information, or lack thereof, shall also benoted.7.2.4.4 If calculation procedures are used, it will be espe-cially helpful if sample calculations are included.7.2.4.5 Standard test methods shall be carefu
42、lly identifiedand referenced. If a test method not yet adopted as a nationalstandard is used, its descriptions shall provide all the informa-tion that would be included if it were being submittedseparately for consideration as a standard test method. Data onreproducibility and validation of nonstand
43、ardized methodsshall be included or its unavailability shall be explicitly noted.Engineering Guide to Performance-Based Fire Protection,Society of Fire Protection Engineers and NFPA, Quinc. If astandard test method has been modified for the standard, alldetails of the modification and evidence of th
44、e effects of themodification on results shall be included. These guidelines alsoapply to any large-scale test protocols.8. Fire-Risk-Assessment Procedure8.1 Overview of Elements of Fire Risk:8.1.1 Possible sources of harm to people, directly orindirectly, include toxic (narcotic or irritant) substan
45、ces pro-duced by a fire, thermal insults (heat stress and burns) due toconvected and radiant flux, obscuration of vision by smoke(which may interfere with the ability to escape), oxygendepletion, and structural damage leading to traumatic injury.8.1.2 Possible sources of harm to property include dir
46、ectdamage to contents, furnishings, structure, or other installed ormoveable combustibles, from heat, corrosive smoke, soot orfirefighting, and indirect damage as a consequence of businessinterruption or other adverse effects on the ability of theproperty to be used for its designed purposes.8.1.3 H
47、arm to the environment includes direct harm toanimals or plant life located outside the property of origin, andindirect harm to people, animals, plant life, or property as aresult of contamination of air, water, or adjacent land.8.1.4 The fire risk of a product depends on its properties,how it is us
48、ed, and the context in which it is used, including thenumber and characteristics of people potentially exposed andthe value and fragility of property exposed to a fire involvingthe product. Therefore, a fire-risk-assessment procedure for aparticular product should describe the product, how it is use
49、d,and its context of use.8.2 Development of a Fire-Risk-Assessment StandardThesteps to follow in developing a fire-risk-assessment standardare as follows. Fig. 1 graphically displays the steps to bepursued, where the left side shows steps for fire-hazardassessment, in accordance with Guide E1546, and the right sideshows steps for fire-risk assessment, in accordance with thisstandard.8.2.1 Define the scope (for example, the product(s) orproduct class of interest, and where and how the products areused),8.2.2 Identify the measure of fire effect to be used indefining fir
