1、Designation: E2058 13a An American National StandardStandard Test Methods forMeasurement of Material Flammability Using a FirePropagation Apparatus (FPA)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2058; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard determines and quanti-fies material flammab
3、ility characteristics, related to the propen-sity of materials to support fire propagation, by means of a firepropagation apparatus (FPA). Material flammability character-istics that are quantified include time to ignition (tign), chemical(Qchem), and convective (Qc) heat release rates, mass loss ra
4、te(m) and effective heat of combustion (EHC).1.2 The following test methods, capable of being performedseparately and independently, are included herein:1.2.1 Ignition Test, to determine tignfor a horizontal speci-men;1.2.2 Combustion Test, to determine Qchem, Qc, m, and EHCfrom burning of a horizon
5、tal specimen; and,1.2.3 Fire Propagation Test, to determine Qchemfrom burn-ing of a vertical specimen.1.3 Distinguishing features of the FPA include tungsten-quartz external, isolated heaters to provide a radiant flux of upto 110 kW/m2to the test specimen, which remains constantwhether the surface r
6、egresses or expands; provision for com-bustion or upward fire propagation in prescribed flows ofnormal air, air enriched with up to 40 % oxygen, air oxygenvitiated, pure nitrogen or mixtures of gaseous suppressionagents with the preceding air mixtures; and, the capability ofmeasuring heat release ra
7、tes and exhaust product flows gener-ated during upward fire propagation on a vertical test specimen0.305 m high.1.4 The FPA is used to evaluate the flammability of mate-rials and products. It is also designed to obtain the transientresponse of such materials and products to prescribed heatfluxes in
8、specified inert or oxidizing environments and toobtain laboratory measurements of generation rates of fireproducts (CO2, CO, and, if desired, gaseous hydrocarbons) foruse in fire safety engineering.1.5 Ignition of the specimen is by means of a pilot flame ata prescribed location with respect to the
9、specimen surface.1.6 The Fire Propagation test of vertical specimens is notsuitable for materials that, on heating, melt sufficiently to forma liquid pool.1.7 Values stated are in SI units. Values in parentheses arefor information only.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of
10、 materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of t
11、hesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents
12、2.1 ASTM Standards:2E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using a ThermopileMethodE1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition andFlame Spread PropertiesE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates fo
13、r Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer t
14、o Terminology E176.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approve
15、d in 2011 as E2058 11. DOI:10.1520/E2058-13A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM I
16、nternational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fire propagation, nincrease in the exposed surfacearea of the specimen that is actively involved in flamingcombustion.3.3 Symbols:Ad= cross secti
17、onal area of test section duct (m2)cp= specific heat of air at constant pressure (kJ/kg K)Gco= mass flow rate of CO in test section duct (kg/s)Gco2= mass flow rate of CO2in test section duct (kg/s)Heff= effective heat of combustion (kJ/kg)K = flow coefficient of averaging Pitot tube duct gasvelocity
18、/(2pm/)1/2 (-)Mloss= ultimate change in specimen mass resulting fromcombustion (kg)m = mass loss rate of test specimen (kg/s)md= mass flow rate of gaseous mixture in test sectionduct (kg/s)Patm= atmospheric pressure (Pa)pm= pressure differential across averaging Pitot tube intest section duct (Pa)Q
19、= cumulative heat released during Combustion Test(kJ)Qchem= chemical heat release rate (kW)Qc= convective heat release rate (kW)Ta= gas temperature in test section duct before ignition(K)Td= gas temperature in test section duct (K)t = time (s)tign= ignition time (s)t = time between data scans (s)XCO
20、2= measured carbon dioxide analyzer reading or molefraction of carbon dioxide (-)XCO= measured carbon monoxide analyzer reading ormole fraction of CO (-)3.4 Superscripts:= per unit time (s1)0= before ignition of the specimen3.5 Subscripts:d= test section ductj= fire product4. Summary of Test Method4
21、.1 Three separate test methods are composed herein, andare used independently in conjunction with a Fire PropagationApparatus. The Ignition and Combustion test methods involvethe use of horizontal specimens subjected to a controlled,external radiant heat flux, which can be set from 0 up to 110kW/m2.
22、 The Fire Propagation test method involves the use ofvertical specimens subjected to ignition near the base of thespecimen from an external radiant heat flux and a pilot flame.Both the Combustion and Fire Propagation test methods can beperformed using an inlet air supply that is either normal air or
23、other gaseous mixtures, such as air with added nitrogen or airenriched with up to 40 % oxygen.4.2 The Ignition test method is used to determine the timerequired for ignition, tign, of horizontal specimens by a pilotflame as a function of the magnitude of a constant, externallyapplied radiant heat fl
24、ux. Measurements also are made of timerequired until initial fuel vaporization. The surface of thesespecimens is coated with a thin layer of black paint to ensurecomplete absorption of the radiant heat flux from the infraredheating system (note that the coating does not itself undergosustained flami
25、ng).4.3 The Combustion test method is used to determine thechemical and convective heat release rates when the horizontaltest specimen is exposed to an external radiant heat flux.4.4 The Fire Propagation test method is used to determinethe chemical heat release rate of a burning, vertical specimendu
26、ring upward fire propagation and burning initiated by a heatflux near the base of the specimen. Chemical heat release rateis derived from the release rates of carbon dioxide and carbonmonoxide. Observations also are made of the flame height onthe vertical specimen during fire propagation.5. Signific
27、ance and Use5.1 These test methods are an integral part of existing teststandards for cable fire propagation and clean room materialflammability, as well as, in an approval standard for conveyorbelting (1-3).3Refs (1-3) use these test methods becausefire-test-response results obtained from the test
28、methods cor-relate with fire behavior during real-scale fire propagation tests,as discussed in X1.4.5.2 The Ignition, Combustion, or Fire Propagation testmethod, or a combination thereof, have been performed withmaterials and products containing a wide range of polymercompositions and structures, as
29、 described in X1.7.5.3 The Fire Propagation test method is different from thetest methods in the ASTM standards listed in 2.1 by virtue ofproducing laboratory measurements of the chemical heatrelease rate during upward fire propagation and burning on avertical test specimen in normal air, oxygen-enr
30、iched air, or inoxygen-vitiated air. Test methods from other standards, forexample, Test Method E1321, which yields measurementsduring lateral/horizontal or downward flame spread on mate-rials and Test Methods E906, E1354, and E1623, which yieldmeasurements of the rate of heat release from materials
31、 fullyinvolved in flaming combustion, generally use an externalradiant flux, rather than the flames from the burning materialitself, to characterize fire behavior.5.4 These test methods are not intended to be routine qualitycontrol tests. They are intended for evaluation of specificflammability char
32、acteristics of materials. Materials to be ana-lyzed consist of specimens from an end-use product or thevarious components used in the end-use product. Results fromthe laboratory procedures provide input to fire propagation andfire growth models, risk analysis studies, building and productdesigns, an
33、d materials research and development.6. Apparatus6.1 General:3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E2058 13a26.1.1 Where dimensions are stated in the text or in figures,they shall be considered mandatory and shall be followedwithin a nominal
34、tolerance of 60.5 %.An exception is the caseof components meant to fit together, where the joint toleranceshall be appropriate for a sliding fit.6.1.2 The apparatus (see overview in Fig. 1 and explodedviews in Figs. 2 and 3) shall consist of the following compo-nents: an infrared heating system, a l
35、oad cell system, anignition pilot flame and timer, a product gas analysis system, acombustion air distribution system, a water-cooled shield, anexhaust system, test section instruments, calibrationinstruments, and a digital data acquisition system.6.2 Infrared (IR) Heating SystemThe IR Heating Syste
36、m4shall consist of four 241-mm long heaters (see different viewsin Figs. 1-3) and a power controller.6.2.1 IR HeatersEach of four IR heaters shall contain sixtungsten filament tubular quartz lamps in a compact reflectorbody that produces up to 510 kW/m2of radiant flux in front ofthe quartz window th
37、at covers the lamps. The reflector body iswater cooled and the lamp chamber, between the quartzwindow and reflector, is air cooled for prolonged life. Theemitter of each lamp is a 127-mm long tungsten filament in anargon atmosphere enclosed in a 9.5-mm outer diameter clearquartz tube. The emitter op
38、erates at approximately 2205C(4000F) at rated voltage, with a spectral energy peak at 1.15micron. Wavelengths greater than about 2-microns are ab-sorbed by the quartz bulb envelope and heater front window,which are air cooled.6.2.2 Power ControllerThe controller shall maintain theoutput voltage requ
39、ired by the heater array despite variations inload impedance through the use of phase angle power controlto match the hot/cold resistance characteristics of the tungsten/quartz lamps. The controller also shall incorporate averagevoltage feedback to linearize the relationship between thevoltage set b
40、y the operator and the output voltage to the lamps.6.3 Load Cell SystemThe load cell system, shown in Figs.1-3, shall consist of a load cell, which shall have an accuracyof 0.1 g, and a measuring range of 01000 g; a 6.35-mmdiameter stainless steel shaft, at least 330 mm long, resting onthe load cell
41、 support point; a 100-mm diameter, 1.5-mm thickaluminum load platform connected to the upper end of thestainless steel shaft by a collar; and two low friction, ball-bushing bearings that guide the shaft as it passes through thetop and bottom, respectively, of the air distribution chamber.The stainle
42、ss steel shaft shall incorporate, at the lower end, athreaded adjustment rod to compensate for horizontal testspecimens of different thicknesses.6.4 Ignition Pilot FlameThe ignition pilot shall consist ofan ethylene/air (60/40 by volume) flame adjusted for a 10-mmlength. The pilot flame is anchored
43、at the 50-mm long,horizontal end of a 6.35-mm O.D., 4.70-mm I.D. stainless steeltube. In the horizontal tube section, use a four-hole ceramicinsert to produce a stable flame and prevent flashback. Thepilot flame tube shall be able to be rotated and elevated toposition the horizontal flame at specifi
44、ed locations near thespecimen, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3.6.5 Ignition TimerThe device for measuring time to sus-tained flaming shall be capable of recording elapsed time to thenearest tenth of 1 s and have an accuracy of better than1sin1h.6.6 Gas Analysis SystemThe gas analysis system shallconsist o
45、f a gas sampling system and gas analysis instruments,described in 6.6.1 6.6.46.6.1 Gas SamplingThe gas sampling arrangement isshown in Fig. 4. This arrangement consists of a sampling probein the test section duct, a plastic filter (5-micron pore size) toprevent entry of soot, a condenser operating a
46、t temperatures inthe range 5C to 0C to remove liquids, a tube containing anindicating desiccant (1020 mesh) to remove most of theremaining moisture, a filter to prevent soot from entering theanalyzers, if not already removed, a sampling pump thattransports the flow through the sampling line, a syste
47、m flowmeter, and manifolds to direct the flow to individual analyzers(CO, CO2,O2, and hydrocarbon gas). The sampling probe,made of 6.35-mm (0.25-in.) O.D. stainless steel tubing insertedthrough a test section port, shall be positioned such that theopen end of the tube is at the center of the test se
48、ction. Thesampling probe is connected to a tee fitting that allows eithersample or calibration gas to flow to the analyzer, and the excessto waste.6.6.2 Carbon Dioxide/Carbon Monoxide AnalyzersThecarbon dioxide analyzer shall permit measurements from 0 to15 000 ppm and the carbon monoxide analyzer s
49、hall permitmeasurements from 0 to 500 ppm concentration levels. Driftshall be not more than 61 % of full scale over a 24-h period.Precision shall be 1 % of full-scale and the 10 to 90 % offull-scale response time shall be 10 s or less (typically5sforthe ranges specified).6.6.3 Inlet-Air Oxygen AnalyzerThis analyzer shall have a10 to 90 % of full-scale response time of 12 s or less, anaccuracy of 1 % of full-scale, a noise and drift of not more than6 100 ppm O2over a one-half-hour period anda0to50%range.6.6.4 Optional Product Analyzers for t
