1、Designation: E2073 10An American National StandardStandard Test Method forPhotopic Luminance of Photoluminescent (Phosphorescent)Markings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2073; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test m
3、ethod covers a procedure for determining thephotopic luminance of photoluminescent (phosphorescent)markings. It does not cover scotopic or mesopic measurements.1.2 When reference is made regarding photoluminescencein the text of this test method, it implies phosphorescence.1.3 The values stated in i
4、nch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is
5、 theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byU
6、sing the CIE SystemE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE2072 Specification for Photoluminescent (Phosphores-cent) Safety Markings2.2 Other Standards:Publication CIE No. 69 (1987) Methods of characterizingilluminance meters and luminance meters; Performance,characteristics and specificat
7、ions33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms in Terminology E284 and Termi-nology E1316 are applicable to this specification.4. Significance and Use4.1 To assess how photoluminescent markings performunder identical test conditions, the luminance shall be mea-sured in accordance with this test method
8、(see SpecificationE2072).5. Apparatus5.1 Illuminance MeterTo measure the illumination of theactivating light source on the surface of the photoluminescentmarking, use an illuminance meter calibrated to measureilluminance in fc (lux), with the following features: spectralerror, f18, #5 %; UV response
9、, u, #0.5 %; resolution 1.0 lux;and linearity error, f3, #0.5 % (see Public. CIE No. 69).5.2 Luminance MeterTo measure the photopic luminanceof photoluminescent markings, use a luminance meter with thefollowing minimum features (see Publication CIE No. 69):spectral error, f18, #5 %; UV response, u,
10、#0.5 %; resolutionat least 0.1 mcd/m2; linearity error, f3,#0.5 %; signal-to-noise-ratio: at least 10:1 for all measurements. The instrument shallhave been calibrated within the preceding 12 months usingphotometric standards traceable to a national standards insti-tute.6. Sampling, Test Specimens an
11、d Test Units6.1 Method of SamplingTake a minimum of threesamples. Each sample shall be of a minimum size of at least134-in. (45-mm) in diameter. Select samples at random. If amanufacturer, samples shall be representative of the productionlot, coded and identified to correspond to production batchcod
12、es, and shall be numbered consecutively. Field-mixed/field-applied paints/coatings shall be applied by the testing labora-tory in compliance with the manufacturers preparation andapplication instructions, which have to include, but shall not belimited to, primers if required, layers needed, and wet
13、(ifrequired) and dry coat thicknesses, as luminance of thephotoluminescent paint/coating is dependent on these factors.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Colorand Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.13 onPhotoluminescent Safety Markings.C
14、urrent edition approved March 1, 2010. Published March 2010. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2073 - 09a. DOI:10.1520/E2073-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Bo
15、ok of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 7 PondSt., Salem, MA 01970, http:/www.cie-usnc.o
16、rg.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.7. Conditioning7.1 Precondition all test specimens by placing them incomplete darkness until their residual luminance has fallen to0.3 mcd/m2or less, tested utilizing the luminance m
17、eterspecified under 5.2. Remove them immediately before per-forming the tests. No ambient or stray light shall be present.8. Procedure8.1 Ambient ConditionsThe ambient temperature duringdarkness preconditioning of specimens, activation and lumi-nance testing shall be 77 6 5F (25 6 3C). The relativeh
18、umidity shall not exceed 60 %. All luminance testing shall beperformed in a room whose ambient light level is such that theluminance of a white diffuse reflectance standard is at least onedecade lower than the lowest test specimen luminance mea-surement to be recorded.8.2 Preparation of ApparatusThe
19、 luminance meter shallbe zeroed prior to every measurement, then checked immedi-ately after the measurement and the measurement shall berejected if the zero drifted by more than 5 % of the measuredvalue. The distance between the luminance meter and themeasured test specimen, and also the aperture an
20、gle of theluminance meter, shall be chosen in such a way that 1516-in.(30-mm) diameter of the photoluminescent test specimen,which is of at least 134-in. (45-mm) diameter, is evaluated.8.3 ActivationActivate the photoluminescent markingspecimens with an unfiltered fluorescent cool white source oflig
21、ht having a spectral power distribution similar to cool whiteF2 as described in Practice E308 Table 4, of 40 W or less, witha correlated color temperature ranging from 4000 to 4500 K for60 min (610 s), providing an illumination of 1 fc (10.8 lux)61 % on the marking surface. The test specimen body te
22、m-perature shall not exceed 86F (30C) 1 min after activation.No ambient or stray light shall be present during activation.Measure the activation with an illuminance meter as describedin 5.1. Direct illumination of marking surface is required andcan be accomplished with a black baffling system, black
23、 screenmesh system or by distance (see Appendix X3).8.4 LuminanceMeasure the photopic luminance of allspecimens of the photoluminescent marking with a luminancemeter as described in 5.2 after 10 min 610 s and 60 min 610s and 90 min. 610 s.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Tested in
24、 accordance with ASTM Standard _Issue: _,9.1.2 Manufacturer of tested photoluminescent marking:Name, Address, Phone, Fax,9.1.3 Specimen description: (clear item identification tomake specimens traceable to manufacturers data sheets). Forfield-mixed/field-applied paints/coatings describe sampleprepar
25、ation requirements based on manufacturers preparationand application instructions (primer if any was applied, numberof paint/coating layers applied, wet (if required)/dry coatthickness accomplished),9.1.4 Beginning and end of conditioning: (fill in days andtime),9.1.5 Date of measurement,9.1.6 Instr
26、ument parameters and photometer serial number,9.1.7 Activation: (fill in minutes, type of activating lightsource, illuminance in fc (lux),9.1.8 Ambient temperature and relative humidity,9.1.9 Photopic luminance measurement results in referenceto 8.4,9.1.10 List separately for all test specimens,9.1.
27、11 Luminance in mcd/m210 min after activation hasceased,9.1.12 Luminance in mcd/m260 min after activation hasceased,9.1.13 Luminance in mcd/m290 min after activation hasceased,9.1.14 Test performed by: (persons name, title), and9.1.15 Signature:.;at:(describe test location) andcompany performing tes
28、t: (full name, address, phone, fax).10. Precision and Bias10.1 Precision: Interlaboratory Test ProgramAn inter-laboratory round robin testing was conducted in 2005 and2006, using three photoluminescent product samples. Eightlaboratories participated by taking one measurement each ofsamples A and B,
29、and by taking two measurements of sampleC.10.1.1 The samples were activated using an unfilteredfluorescent cool white source of light, 40 W or less, in the 4000to 4500 K range, providing an illumination of 21.6 lux (2 fc)for 60 min. at the sample surface.10.1.2 The 10-min., 60-min. and 90-min. value
30、s were re-corded. The details of the design of the experiment and theanalysis of the full data are given in ASTM Research ReportRR:E12:1003.410.2 Test ResultsThe precision information given in Table1, Table 2, and Table 3 is based on eight laboratories, threedifferent materials and one measurement f
31、or three time inter-vals. Sample C alone was tested in duplicate.10.3 Concept of r (Repeatability) and R(Reproducibility)If Srand SRhave been calculated from alarge enough body of data, and for test results that wereaverages from testing the specimens, then:4Supporting data have been filed at ASTM I
32、nternational Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E12-1003.TABLE 1 Afterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2)after10MinutesMaterial Average SrSRrRA 15.571 . 1.690 . 4.732B 17.357 . 1.583 . 4.433C 62.293 1.718 8.612 4.810 24.113TABLE 2 Afterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2)after60Mi
33、nutesMaterial Average SrSRrRA 3.188 . 0.230 . 0.643B 3.638 . 0.226 . 0.634C 15.089 0.465 1.076 1.303 3.013E2073 10210.3.1 Repeatability, rIn comparing two test results forthe same material, obtained by the same operator using thesame equipment, the two test results should be judged notequivalent if
34、they differ by more than the r value for thatmaterial.10.3.2 Reproducibility, RIn comparing the test results forthe same material, obtained by different operators using differ-ent equipment on different days in different laboratories, thetest results should be judged not equivalent if they differ by
35、more than the R value for that material.10.3.3 Standard Deviation, STheSinSRand Srstands forStandard Deviation, and so SRis the Standard Deviation of thereproducibility, and Sris the Standard Deviation of the repeat-ability.10.3.4 Any judgement in accordance with these two state-ments would have an
36、appropriate 95 % probability of beingcorrect.10.4 BiasThis bias of this test method is unknown be-cause there is no accepted reference material.11. Keywords11.1 illuminance; luminance; photoluminescenceAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. CODE COMPLIANCEX1.1 When this standard is used to show com
37、pliance withcodes or standards, the manufacturer should have an agreementwith an organization that is acceptable to the Authority HavingJurisdiction for follow-up factory inspection services.X2. PRECISION AND BIAS FOR ACTIVATION WITH CIE STANDARD ILLUMINANT A (SECTION 10 IN E2073 02)X2.1 Precision:
38、Interlaboratory Test ProgramAn inter-laboratory test method was conducted in 1998 based onprevious round robin tests. There were six product samples.Three measurements on each of the samples were taken andfive laboratories participated.X2.1.1 Samples A, D, and E were based on one type ofphotolumines
39、cent pigment and Samples B, C, and F werebased on another type of photoluminescent pigment.X2.1.2 The samples were activated using a CIE StandardIlluminant A (2856 K 6 20K) for 15 min, providing anillumination of 500 lux (approximately 46 fc) on the markingsurface. Measurements were taken at 1, 5, 1
40、0, 30, 60, 90 and120 min after activation had ceased.X2.1.3 For the sake of simplicity in the presentation of thedata, only the 10 and 60 min values will be shown here. Thedetails of the design of the experiment and the analysis of thefull data are given in ASTM Research Report RR:E12-1000.5X2.2 Tes
41、t ResultsThe precision information given inTable X2.1 and Table X2.2 is based on five laboratories, sixdifferent materials, and three measurements for two timeintervals. All laboratories conducted the same procedure on thesame material.X2.3 Concept of r (Repeatability) and R(Reproducibility)If Srand
42、 SRhave been calculated from alarge enough body of data, and for test results that wereaverages from testing the specimens, then:X2.3.1 Repeatability, rIn comparing two test results forthe same material, obtained by the same operator using thesame equipment on the same day, the two test results shou
43、ld bejudged not equivalent if they differ by more than the r value forthat material.X2.3.2 Reproducibility, RIn comparing two test resultsfor the same material, obtained by different operators using5Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting R
44、esearch Report RR:E12-1000.TABLE 3 Afterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2)after90MinutesMaterial Average SrSRrRA 2.063 . 0.207 . 0.578B 2.400 . 0.207 . 0.580C 9.894 0.323 0.700 0.905 1.961TABLE X2.1 Afterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2) after 10MinutesMaterials Average SrSRrRSample A 223.61 6.62 12.43 18.
45、55 34.80Sample D 139.21 1.01 7.68 2.83 21.49Sample E 132.13 1.65 6.12 4.63 17.14Sample B 6.43 0.13 0.54 0.36 1.51Sample C 8.15 0.12 0.80 0.35 2.25Sample F 8.40 0.19 0.76 0.52 2.11TABLE X2.2 Afterglow Luminance Values (mcd/m2) after 60MinutesMaterials Average SrSRrRSample A 30.92 1.00 2.42 2.79 6.77S
46、ample D 23.14 0.52 1.24 1.47 3.46Sample E 17.85 0.45 0.96 1.25 2.68Sample B 1.24 0.02 0.09 0.06 0.27Sample C 1.82 0.03 0.12 0.10 0.34Sample F 1.73 0.03 0.12 0.10 0.35E2073 103different equipment on different days (or two different labora-tories), the two test results should be judged not equivalent
47、ifthey differ by more than the R value for that material.X2.3.3 Any judgment in accordance with these two state-ments would have an approximate 95 % probability of beingcorrect.X2.3.4 The analysis of the h values showed that two of thelaboratories consistently had high values. One laboratory wascons
48、istently on the positive, while the other was on thenegative side. The significance of this is not known at this stageand therefore no comments can be made.X2.4 BiasThe bias of this test method is unknownbecause there is no accepted reference value or material.X3. BAFFLING SYSTEMX3.1 Per 8.3 in this
49、 test method, direct illumination of thephotoluminescent marking surface is required. The activatingsource of light shall not be pointed at another object (forexample, a nearby wall) to reflect its illumination onto themarking surface. Direct illumination can be accomplishedwith, for example, a black baffling system, black screen meshsystem or by adjusting the distance between the activatingsource of light and the marking surface such that the exactrequired illumination activates the marking surface. An ex-ample of a baffling system is show
